Processing of Positive Memories Technique (PPMT) for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Primer

Despite substantial evidence linking posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and positive memory processes, existing trauma research and clinical work focuses primarily on trauma memories. In light of this limitation, Contractor and colleagues proposed a conceptual model linking PTSD to positive memories; this provided the backdrop to develop a manualized positive memory therapy protocol for trauma-exposed individuals (Processing of Positive Memories Technique [PPMT]). In the current study, we first present justification for developing PPMT by outlining the role of positive memories in PTSD\u27s symptomatology according to trauma theories, as well as empirical evidence and intervention research linking trauma/PTSD to positive memory processes. Next, we provide information on the preliminary PPMT protocol by outlining (a) theoretical foundations; (b) intervention strategies PPMT draws from; (c) objectives; and (d) a session-by-session description of goals, content, and homework assignments. Finally, we end by highlighting some (a) unique features and advantages of PPMT such as integrating well-supported experimental and cognitive psychology research into intervention research, bridging the gap between basic science and applied research, and being tailored to PTSD\u27s unique symptomatology and (b) directions for future research. The aim of this article was to provide a primer on PPMT to facilitate its empirical examination and applicability in PTSD research and clinical work

Errors in Hand Scoring Objective Personality Tests: The Case of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised (PDQ-R)

Objective personality measures potentially eliminate random variation that can result from errors in scoring test items or tallying results. It is usually assumed that the scoring of objective personality tests is error free or nearly so. We checked the accuracy with which trained clinic personnel hand scored one particular objective personality measure, the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised (Hyler, Skodol, Oldham, Kellman, & Doidge, 1992), using a computer program that was verified to be error free. We found frequent mistakes: 53% of the inventories showed at least one error, and 19% contained errors sufficient to alter clinical diagnoses. Our results align with other studies suggesting that errors are common in scoring psychological tests and argue for wider use of such methods as computerized scoring to prevent avoidable errors and, hence, increase the accuracy of test interpretation