The Study of Ethanol Extracts Composition of Organic (Kachkulnya Lake) and Organomineral (Barchin Lake) Sapropels from Novosibirsk Region

Изучена экстракция сапропелей Новосибирской области органического (оз. Качкульня) и органоминерального (оз. Барчин) типов этанолом при варьировании температуры процесса. Повышение температуры от 50 до 200 °C приводит к увеличению выхода экстрактов в 19,0 и 13,7 раз для сапропелей органического и органоминерального типов соответственно. Методами ИК-спектроскопии и хромато-масс-спектрометрии установлен состав полученных экстрактов. Продукты из сапропеля органического типа содержат 68,1 % этиловых эфиров, преимущественно жирных кислот с числом атомов углерода в молекуле от 18 до 29. В экстрактах сапропелей органоминерального типа относительное содержание этиловых эфиров составляет 43,6 %, в состав которых кроме этиловых эфиров жирных кислот входят в значительных количествах этиловые эфиры окси- и гидроксикислот. Отличительной особенностью экстрактов сапропеля органоминерального типа является наличие в нем углеводов и соединений, включающих в свой состав фурановый циклThe extraction of sapropels of organic type (Kachkulnya Lake) and organo-mineral type (Barchin Lake) from Novosibirsk region by ethanol at a variation of process temperature was studied. It was shown that the rising of the temperature from 50 °C to 200 °C results in an increase the yields of extracts by 19,0 and 13,7 times for sapropels organic and organo-mineral -types respectively The composition of obtained extracts was established by IR and GC – MC methods. Products from sapropel organic type contained 68,1 % ethyl esters, mainly of fatty acids with carbon atoms in the molecule are from 18 to 29 numbers. It was established that relative content of ethyl esters in extract of organo-mineral type sapropel was 43,6 %, they have a significant amounts of ethyl esters of hydroxy – and oxyacids. A distinctive feature of the ethanol extract from organo-mineral type sapropel is the presence of carbohydrates and compounds containing a furan rin

Thermography of flame during diesel fuel combustion with steam gasification

The paper represents a study concerning the combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuel in a perspective burner device with the controlled forced supply of overheated steam into the combustion zone, using diesel fuel. The thermal imaging measurements are conducted for the outer flame of the burner device in the wide range of regime parameters (flow rate and temperature of steam). A thermal imaging camera (FLIR, JADE J530SB) is used in the experiments. The effective emissivity coefficient of flame is obtained versus the flow rate of steam supplied. The steam parameters are found to influence on the temperature in the outer flame of the burner device

Green catalytic valorization of hardwood biomass into valuable chemicals with the use of solid catalysts

Results of the study on green valorization of hardwood biomass into valuable chemicals with the use of solid catalysts were described. The heterogeneous catalytic processes of hemicelluloses and cellulose hydrolysis, wood oxidative fractionation and lignin depolymerization in supercritical spirits are suggested to employ for the green biorefinery of hardwood to xylose, pure cellulose, glucose, alcohols and liquid hydrocarbons

Generation of electromagnetic fields of extremely high intensity by coherent summation of Cherenkov superradiance pulses

We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally the possibility of correlating the phase of a Cherenkov superradiance (SR) pulse to the sharp edge of a current pulse, when spontaneous emission of the electron bunch edge serves as the seed for SR processes. By division of the driving voltage pulse across several parallel channels equipped with independent cathodes we can synchronize several SR sources to arrange a two-dimensional array. In the experiments carried out, coherent summation of radiation from four independent 8-mm wavelength band SR generators with peak power 600 MW results in the interference maximum of the directional diagram with an intensity that is equivalent to radiation from a single source with a power of 10 GW

Coherent summation of emission from relativistic Cherenkov sources as a way of production of extremely high-intensity microwave pulses

For relativistic Cherenkov devices, we investigate the process of high-power microwave pulse generation with its phase correlating to the sharp edge of an e-beam current pulse. Our theoretical consideration is referred to quasi-stationary and superradiative (SR) generation regimes when spontaneous emission of the e-beam edge serves as the seed for the development of further coherent oscillations. Phase correlation of the excited microwave pulses with the characteristics of the current pulse front and/or an initial external electromagnetic pulse has been additionally confirmed by particle-in-cell simulations. Pulse-to-pulse stability of the radiation phase within several percents of the oscillation period makes it possible to arrange multichannel schemes producing mutually coherent microwave pulses. In the experiments that have been carried out, the cathodes of independent generators were powered by identical accelerating pulses from strictly synchronized voltage modulators, or by splitting the pulse from a single powerful modulator. For the 2-ns regime with the power of each Ka-band backward-wave oscillator about 100 MW, we demonstrate quadratic growth of the power density in the interference maximum of the directional diagram. In a short pulse SR regime, with the peak power of 600 MW in a single channel, for a four-channel 2-D array, we attained a 16-fold radiation intensity gain

Comparative Study To Evaluate the Drying Kinetics of Boreal Peats from Micro to Macro Scales

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The Scope for Distillable Liquids Generation from Biomass and Plastics Waste Via Pyrolysis

Thermal behavior of wood biomass, synthetic polymers and their mixtures has been studied in a rotating autoclave in a temperature range 360 - 450°C. The effects of reaction conditions, biomass and polymers origins on the degree of mixtures conversion as well as on the products yield and composition were established and discussed. In the co - liquefaction processes the interaction between fragments of wood and polymers thermal decomposition took place. This resulted in a non additive increase of the wood/polymers conversion degree and of the yield of distillate fractions. Chemical composition of the distillate liquid products (b.p. 180°C) were investigated by FTIR, 1H NMR, GC-MS. The preliminary separation of heavy liquids into different fractions by open LC and TLC methods had been used. Some futures of polymer and biomass thermal conversion during co-pyrolysis process were discussed