Withholding Consent to Conjugal Relations within Child Marriages in Colonial India: Rukhmabai's Fight

Married at the age of eleven, Rukhmabai refused to go and live with her husband who had filed a suit for restitution of conjugal rights against her in 1884. This paper analyses the transplantation of the notion of restitution of conjugal rights into Hindu personal law in India at a time when child marriage was rife and there was no minimum age of marriage. Within this context Rukhmabai's case symbolises an important interjection in its attempt to posit lack of consent to an infant marriage as a defence against suits for restitution of conjugal rights. This marked a shift from female consent being understood as a question of physical maturity alone, to a claim of intelligent consent and the capacity to withhold such consent within an unconsummated marriage arranged in the girl's infancy. While analysing these notions of consent within colonial law the paper also closely scrutinises Rukhmabai's public writings to recover one of the earliest published Indian female views on the need for marital consent

Olfactory coding in vertebrates: a novel tuning mechanism for receptor affinity and evolution of the olfactory receptor repertoire

Information about our environment is to a large extent carried by the chemical senses, and in particular the olfactory sense. Vertebrates perceive thousands of diverse odor molecules with a supply of a wide range of essential information ranging from localising prey or food, avoiding predators, mating behaviour, to social communication. Because olfactory receptor proteins play such an essential role in the specific recognition of diverse stimuli, understanding how they interact with and transduce their cognate ligands is a high priority. This constitutes one of the most complex ligand/receptor binding problems in biology due to the sheer quantity of potential odor molecules facing a limited albeit huge number of different olfactory receptors. Most olfactory receptors are G-protein coupled receptors and form large gene families. One type of olfactory receptors is the trace amine-associated receptor family (TAAR). TAARs generally recognize amines and one particular member of the zebrafish TAAR family, TAAR13c, is a high affinity receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine, which induces aversive behavior. Here we have modeled the cadaverine/TAAR13c interaction by multistep docking. By exchanging predicted binding residues via site-directed mutagenesis, and measuring the activity of the mutant receptors, we confirmed a binding site for cadaverine at the external surface of the receptor, in addition to an internal binding site, whose mutation resulted in complete loss of activity. Elimination of the external binding site generated supersensitive receptors which suggests this site to act as a gate, limiting access of the ligand to the internal binding site and thereby downregulating the affinity of the native receptor. Potentially related mechanisms have been described for non-olfactory G-protein coupled receptors. The topology of TAAR-expressing neurons in the teleost olfactory epithelium has not been described yet. We have investigated representative taar genes from three classes to test the principle of partial spatial segregation known from other olfactory receptor families for the TAAR family. We report that expression of taar genes is intermingled with expression zones of odorant receptor genes, which in fish share a single sensory surface with TAARs. Individual taar genes show distinct, albeit broadly overlapping expression zones. In the third part of my thesis I investigated the genome of a cartilaginous fish, Scyliorhinus canicula, commonly known as small spotted catshark in order to delineate its chemosensory receptor repertoire: OR, V1R/V2R, TAAR, and T1R/T2R. This is the first repertoire described for a true shark, an important intermediate in the evolution of vertebrates. In contrast to bony vertebrates, but very similar to a chimera (elephant shark), the olfactory receptor repertoire of catshark is dominated by the V2R family

Identification of micro-RNAs and their messenger RNA targets in Prostate cancer and Biological fluids

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in the United States that affects men today. To better treat this disease accurate biomarkers and successful therapeutic treatments are needed. A novel approach to understand the mechanisms behind prostate cancer tumor formation lies in identifying dysregulated micro-RNAs (miRNAs), which are a class of small (18-24 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by either inhibiting protein synthesis or signaling messenger-RNA for degradation. Multiple miRNAs were discovered in our highly tumorigenic and metastatic prostate cancer progression model M12 cell line compared to its weakly tumorigenic P69 parental cell line. Various analyses such as human panel analyses, single-miR analyses and patient tumor biopsy samples were analyzed to determine dysregulated miRNAs that contributed to the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. Together with performing experiments to identify miRNAs, a de novo next generation sequencing approach was applied to identify miRNAs naturally present in biological fluids of normal and healthy subjects. Since, these miRNAs are highly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer, they can act as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets to improve treatments for prostate cancer. Essential miRNAs studied for this research were miR-17-3p that is known to target the ErbB2 mRNA; miR-299-5p that directly targets osteopontin (OPN) mRNA, and miR-147b that directly targets many mRNAs, such as COL4A2, ALDH5A1, NDUFA4, SDHD, and IER5. A wide range of miRNAs were identified in six biological fluids: venous blood, menstrual blood, vaginal fluid, semen, saliva, and feces. There were some miRNAs that were common to all 6 body fluids, some unique to each body fluid, and some miRNAs that literature suggested could potentially be biomarkers or normalizers for body fluid characterization

KSHEERBALA TAIL AND ITS DIFFERENT ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

Ksheerbala Tail having Shaman rasayana and Brimhana properties. The content of the tail adds to its effect. Ksheerbala tail having contents of Bala (Sida cordifolia), Goksheer (Cow’s milk), and Sesame oil (Sesamum indicum), it normalizes the Vata and Pitta in the body and shows anti-inflammatory action. It is also given in almost all Authentic books Charak Samhita, Ashtang Hridya and Sushrut, with different names. It acts as a nervine tonic and strengthens the muscles and to provide better options to Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs owing to its exceedingly speckled side effects and adversities are in the verge of a moribund reliance. Ksheerbala Tail, a sage old Ayurved remedy remarkably emphasised in the treatment of Vata Vyadhi and Vatarakta is well used since ages as an anti-inflammatory medicine. Developing researches have demonstrated its efficacy to counter neuro toxicity and subsequently validated its neuro protective effect. Though, the much acclaimed traditional wisdom regarding its anti inflammatory action is neither scientifically appraised nor compared with any standards. It is also used for Abhyang in detoxication process. Vata Vyadhi is best treated by Basti chikitsa, Abhyang etc. Matra basti is a type of Sneha basti which provides nutrition as well as pacify the morbid Vata dosha. In this article mode of action of Ksheerbala Tail and its different routes of administration are compiled

BIOASSAY OF BOTANICAL OILS AGAINST ALTERNARIA SOLANI

Objective: In vitro antifungal activity of six essential oils of 1. Ocimum tenuiflorum (Purple leaves/Krishna Tulsi) 2. Cymbopogon citrates (Nimbu ghas), 3. Origanum majorina (Sweet majoram), 4. Ocimum citriodorum (Nimbu tulsi), 5. Ocimum bascillicum (Gulal tulsi), and 6. Ocimum sanctum (Green leaves/Shree tulsi) were investigated against economically important phytopathogenic fungi, Alternaria solani, isolated from infected chilly. Methods: The experiment was carried out by Whatman paper disc method using Whatman paper No.3 on Potato Dextrose Agar with three replicates. Five concentrations of each essential oils i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% were assayed against the test fungus. The experiment was carried out at 27ᵒC and mycelial growth was measured after every third day, upto 15 d using statistical method.Results: It is an evident from this study that all the oils used in this study are inhibiting test fungi, oil of O. bascillicum and O. sanctum are completely (100%) inhibiting test fungi.Conclusion: It may be concluded from the above study that all the taken oils have a good potential to control plant pathogenic fungi and these could be considered for developing a new fungicide

Backpropagaton in Hl7 in Medical Informatics to Analysis Speed of Sending Data

In this paper, analysis the speed of sending message in Healthcare standard 7 with the use of back propagation in neural network. Various algorithms are define in backpropagtion in neural network we can use trainlm algorithm for sending message purpose. This algorithm appears to be fastest method for training moderate sized feedforward neural network. It has a very efficient matlab implementation. The need of trainlm algorithm are used for analysis, increase the speed of sending message faster and accurately and more efficiently. The proposed work is used in healthcare medical data. With the use of backpropagation in health care standard seven (HL7) sending message between two systems. To increase the speed of the healthcare sending data we can use Train LM algorithm. Train LM algorithm is more fastest algorithm it can be increase efficiency and improve accuracy of the system and also provide real time application. To increase speed of sending message these algorithm used. With the use of this algorithm it can be decreasing time of sending message to the other system

Database Extract Information Using Genetic Algorithm and Sending Message in HL7 Formatted Using Back Propagation

To analysis the speed of sending message in Healthcare standard 7 with the use of back propagation in neural network. Various algorithms are define in back propagation in neural network we can use back propagation algorithm for sending message purpose. Genetic Algorithm are used to extract information and send these information with this algorithm appears to be fastest method for training moderate sized feed forward neural network. It has a very efficient mat lab implementation. The need of this algorithm are used for analysis, increase the speed of sending message faster and accurately and more efficiently