Modelling Volatility of Size Indices Through Garch and Tgarch Models: Evidence from India

Purpose: The objective of this study was to select the best model for modelling the volatility of log return series of four size indices taken from the Indian stock markets.   Theoretical framework: Stock markets throughout the world have been designing various kinds of indices depending upon the requirements of the investors. Accordingly, BSE launched some indices, categorized as size indices, depending upon the market capitalization of the stocks listed on their exchange. Such categorization helps the investors in appropriate decision making. Research on these specific indices is scarce and therefore the aim of the present study.   Design/methodology/approach: We analyzed the log return series of four indices, namely S&P BSE Sensex, S&P BSE Large cap index, S&P BSE Mid cap Select index and the S&P BSE Small cap index, by fitting the GARCH (1,1) and the TGARCH (1,1) models for the period from 1 Januray 2018 to 31 December 2022.   Findings: The research on modelling volatility is voluminous with varied results as per the various assets and datasets utilized for the purpose. Present study confirms the results from previous study that to model the volatility of size indices a GARCH (1,1) model should suffice and there is no betterment achieved by implementing a TAGARCH (1,1) model.   Research, Practical & Social implications: We suggest the implementation of a simple GARCH (1,1) model for all those investors who want to invest in Indian size indices in order to model volatility of these indices.   Originality/value: Present study is one of its kinds, investigating size indices specifically, through the two of the most popular GARCH-family models in the Indian context

Optimization of manganese determination by voltammetry in presence of chromium and nickel

1211-1213The optimum conditions for the determination of manganese at low concentrations have been developed employing differential pulse polarography. The limit of quantification of 1.04 µg mL–1 has been achieved. The possible interference of coexisting metal ions has been examined and ruled out. The method has been successfully applied for the analysis of manganese in industrial waste samples

Emerging Dimensions of Women Entrepreneurship: Developments & Obstructions

Women entrepreneurship has been recognized as an important factor of economic development. Women entrepreneurs can originate new jobs for themselves and others. However, they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. Women is an essential part of key economic activities and for nation development. Women entrepreneurs often face gender-based barriers to starting and growing their businesses, like discriminatory property, matrimonial and inheritance laws and or cultural practices, lack of access to formal finance mechanisms, limited mobility and access to information and networks, etc. Women’s entrepreneurship can make a particularly strong contribution to the economic well-being of the family and communities, poverty reduction and women’s empowerment, thus contributing to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Thus, governments across the world as well as various developmental organizations are actively undertaking promotion of women entrepreneurs through various schemes, incentives and promotional measures

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy : A new approach in the management of head and neck cancers

Cervical lymph node metastasis affects the prognosis and overall survival rate of and therapeutic planning for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). However, advanced diagnostic modalities still lack accuracy in detecting occult neck metastasis. A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a minimally invasive auxiliary method for assessing the presence of occult metastatic disease in a patient with a clinically negative neck. This technique increases the specificity of neck dissection and thus reduces morbidity among oral cancer patients. The removal of sentinel nodes and dissection of the levels between the primary tumour and the sentinel node or the irradiation of target nodal basins is favoured as a selective treatment approach; this technique has the potential to become the new standard of care for patients with HNSCCs. This article presents an update on clinical applications and novel developments in this field.

Deciphering the Role of the Barr Body in Malignancy: An insight into head and neck cancer

X chromosome inactivation is the epitome of epigenetic regulation and long non-coding ribonucleic acid function. The differentiation status of cells has been ascribed to X chromosome activity, with two active X chromosomes generally only observed in undifferentiated or poorly differentiated cells. Recently, several studies have indicated that the reactivation of an inactive X chromosome or X chromosome multiplication correlates with the development of malignancy; however, this concept is still controversial. This review sought to shed light on the role of the X chromosome in cancer development. In particular, there is a need for further exploration of the expression patterns of X-linked genes in cancer cells, especially those in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), in order to identify different prognostic subpopulations with distinct clinical implications. This article proposes a functional relationship between the loss of the Barr body and the disproportional expression of X-linked genes in HNSCC development

Common Parasite With Uncommon Associations

Filaariasis a quite common in some parts of the world including India. It has been reported as an incidental finding in cytology smears. Here we report three cases where microfilariae of Wuchereria Bancrofti were detected incidentally in bone marrow smears, in two cases in special stain slides. All these patients were being investigated for other hematological disorders

Role of FNAC in the diagnosis of intraosseous jaw lesions

Background: FNAC of intraosseous jaw lesions has not been widely utilized for diagnosis due to rarity and diversity of these lesions, limited experience and lack of well established cytological features. Aim of the study was to determine the role of FNAC in the diagnosis of intraosseous jaw swellings. Material and Methods: 42 patients underwent FNAC over a period of 7 years (2007-2013), of which 37 (88.1%) aspirates were diagnostic. Histopathology correlation was available in 33 cases and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was calculated. Results: Lesions were categorized into inflammatory 3, cysts/hamartomas 15 and neoplasms 19. Mandibular and maxillary involvement was seen in 21 and 16 patients respectively. Of these, benign cysts and malignant lesions were commonest, accounting for 27% lesions (10 cases) each. One case of cystic ameloblastoma was misdiagnosed as odontogenic cyst on cytology. Overall, sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were 94.7% and 100% respectively with a diagnostic accuracy of 97.3%. Definitive categorization of giant cell lesions, fibro-osseous lesions, odontogenic tumors and cystic lesions was not feasible on FNAC. Conclusions: FNAC is a simple, safe and minimally invasive first line investigation which can render an accurate preoperative diagnosis of intraosseous jaw lesions, especially the malignant ones in the light of clinic-radiological correlation

Extrarenal angiomyolipoma in uterine cervix: rare presentation in unusual site

Angiomyolipoma is a benign neoplasm composed of variable admixture of blood vessels, smooth muscle cells and adipose tissue. Cervical angiomyolipoma are extremely rare and to the best of our knowledge only five cases of angiomyolipoma in cervix have been reported in the literature till date. Authors are presenting a case of angiomyolipoma arising from the uterine cervix. 43 years old female presented with mass descending per vagina for 6 months. This case had no association with tuberous sclerosis. Microscopic examination showed an ill-defined polypoidal, non-encapsulated lesion covered by keratinized stratified epithelium. The lesion is made up of three components, predominantly by fascicles of spindle shaped cells, varying sized blood vessels and multiple foci of mature adipocytes with no evidence of atypia or increased mitotic activity. Smooth muscle component showed strong immunoreactivity to SMA and absence of elastic fibres in the blood vessels were confirmed by histochemistry. Non-vascular smooth muscle cells were negative for HMB-45 in contrast to renal and other extra-renal angiomyolipoma in which HMB-45 immunoreactivity in seen in these cells. To conclude, the differential diagnosis of lower abdominal mass and dysfunctional uterine bleeding should include the angiomyolipoma, even though the uterine cervix is an extremely rare location where they occur

Real-world observational study to capture practice pattern of controlled ovarian stimulation in the in vitro-fertilization and embryo transfer or intracytoplasmic sperm injection-2

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the practice patterns of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in patients who underwent in vitro-fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).Methods: In REAL-COS (REAL-world observational study to capture practice pattern of COS in IVF-ET/ ICSI cycle) study, data was collected by 138 clinicians across India between April 2021 and March 2022 in a retrospective manner.Results: Data of 1651 subfertility female patients were evaluated. The mean (SD) age was 31.8 (3.9) years and majority (77.8%) of the patients were aged <35 years. Obese patients constituted 28.1% of the total population. The majority (79.5%) of the patients had primary subfertility and the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) was the most (27.8%) common cause of subfertility. Nearly equal percent of patients were treated with frozen or fresh embryo transfer. Most (~96%) of the patients received GnRH antagonist protocol wherein cetrorelix acetate was the most common drug (98.7%) while ~4% patients received GnRH agonist protocol wherein luprorelin was the most common one (83%). The most commonly used gonadotropin was recombinant follicle stimulating hormone alone therapy (rFSH, 49.2%). Majority (51.8%) of the patients were initiated at 225 IU dose of gonadotropin for COS. For ovulation trigger, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was used in majority (59%) of the cases. Treatment with rFSH alone therapy resulted in max mean no. of oocytes and mean metaphase-II oocytes as compared with other treatments.Conclusions: This real-world observational study reports primary subfertility as the major reason for IVF-ET/ICSI in the study population. The GnRH antagonist protocol was followed by most of the clinicians participating in this study. rFSH was the most commonly used gonadotropin. rFSH alone therapy yielded the greatest number of oocytes and metaphase II oocytes versus other treatments