Analysing Mobile Random Early Detection for Congestion Control in Mobile Ad-hoc Network

This research paper suggests and analyse a technique for congestion control in mobile ad hoc networks. The technique is based on a new hybrid approach that uses clustering and queuing techniques. In clustering, in general cluster head transfers the data, following a queuing method based on a RED (Random Early Detection), the mobile environment makes it Mobile RED (or MRED), It majorly depends upon mobility of nodes and mobile environments leads to unpredictable queue size. To simulate this technique, the Network Simulator 2 (or NS2) is used for various scenarios. The simulated results are compared with NRED (Neighbourhood Random Early Detection) queuing technique of congestion control. It has been observed that the results are improved using MRED comparatively

Improved System for Fabrication and Characterization of Nanophotonic Devices by Multi-photon Lithography

A new system for multi-photon lithography (MPL) was developed and used to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) structures with higher aspect ratio, better resolution, improved fidelity, and reduced structural distortion relative to a conventional implementation of MPL. A set of curved waveguides (Rbend = 19 μm, and 38 μm) and straight waveguides (length = 50 μm, Rbend = ∞) were fabricated in an epoxide photopolymer and optically characterized using light having a wavelength in vacuum of λ0 = 2.94 μm. The optical performance of the waveguides was compared to novel spatially-variant photonic crystals (SVPCs) previously studied in the group. The waveguides were found to guide light with 90% lower efficiency, due to mode leakage. The study provides further evidence that SVPCs operate not through total internal reflection, but rather through self-collimation, as designed. 3D uniform-lattice photonic crystals (ULPCs) were fabricated by MPL using a commercial acrylate photopolymer. The ULPCs were optically characterized at λ0 = 1.55 μm. A laser beam with adjustable bandwidth was used to measure the self-collimation in the ULPCs. For the low bandwidth beam, vertically polarized light was self-collimated, whereas horizontally polarized light diverged. The transmission efficiency of the ULPCs was also measured as a function of fill factor. The ULPC having a fill factor of 48% exhibited 80% transmission. An etching process was also developed for non-destructively removing Au/Pd coatings that must be deposited onto structures to image them by scanning electron microscopy. The structural and optical integrity of the samples was found to be maintained despite etching. The sputter-coated sample sustained no structural damage when exposed to the λ0 = 1.55 μm. However, the metal coating resulted in diminished transmission efficiency due to the high reflection of the 1.55 μm beam by the metal coating

Effect of curcumin in prevention of pre-invasive lesions of the cervix

Background: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of deaths of women due to malignancies in developing countries world-wide. Having a latency period of upto10 years, pre-invasive lesions of cervix give us a wide margin for detection and treatment before it becomes cancerous. It has been estimated that even after putting in all the resources it’s not possible to screen one fourth of the population of women in India. This is the aim of this study to establish a pattern of prevalence of these pre-invasive lesions and find out correlation with various epidemiological factors and establish best screening modality in low resourse settings like ours. Curcuminoids are the extract of curcuma longa, and it has been found to have myriad effects like anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and anti-cancerous as well. In this study we have tried to determine its effect on precancerous lesions of the cervix.Methods: In this study, patients coming to the OPD of the Gynaecology Department with various complaints like vaginal discharge and post coital bleeding etc were subjected to en VIA examination (visual inpection with acetic acid), and cytology. Selected cases were subjected to colposcopy and biopsy, which is taken as gold standard in the study. The cases were studied in terms of their epidemiologic charecterestics. The diagnostic accuracy of VIA and cytology was assessed using colposcopy and biopsy as the gold standard, chi square test applied and power of the screening test calculated.Results: 226 cases were subjected to VIA examination, using freshly prepared 5% acetic acid .105(46.5%) cases were VIA positive. Same no of cases were also subjected to cytological evaluation. Upon cytological evaluation, 21(9.3%) had a normal cytology, 158(69.9%) were inflammatory, 3(1.3%) had ASCUS, 1(0.4%) had AGUS, 26(11.6%) had LSIL and koilocytic changes, 11(4.9%) had HSIL, and 6 cases (2.6%) had squamous cell carcinoma. Abnormal cytology (47/226) was mostly found in age group 30-40 29/47 (61.7%), were para 2 to 4 34/47 (72.3%), belonged to class IV-V socioeconomic class 28(59.6%), belonged to rural areas 32/47(68%) were illiterate 29/47(61.7%) were married at a young age 15-17 23/47(49%) and were not using any contraception 22/47(46.8%).Conclusions: Cervical cancer being one of the most easily preventable cancer owing to the easy accessibility of the cervix to the clinician, and easy screening methods available, is amenable to eradication of the disease one day.

Comparative study between the evolutionary history of development of blood vessels in various species (Brahmanda or Srushti) and the Human Embryo (Pinda) to evaluate ‘Yata Pindam Tata Brahmandam’

Introduction: Embryology is considered to provide evidence for evolution and is a way to link various species on the phylogenetic tree of life. To higher recognize the evolutionary embryology in the back of the blood vascular device and endothelium recognition of the taxonomy is very essential. By this we came to know that different species achieve the goals of reproduction, nutrition and survival by different means. These changes diverge due to change in body size and variation in structural complexity. The same way vascular system in mammals develops. Materials and Methods: From various published articles through google search, texts of Ayurveda mainly Charaka Samhita and modern embryology texts and internet media. Aim & Objective: To compare the process of evolution of blood vessels in Garbha with that of evolution of various species on phylogenetic tree on basis of their functional requirements. Result and Discussion: Before the formation of placenta there is histotrophic nutrition in which embryo gets its nutrition through diffusion from uterine glands. This diffusion state is the Srotas in Ayurveda mentioned as Sravanatsrotansi. This diffusion can provide nutrition to small area or cell group only. With the beginning of formation of placenta, the histotrophic nutrition is replaced by the hemotrophic nutrition. As embryo further grows, the nutrition demand increases so to balance, tube circulation (vasculature) develops in embryo in order to increase the flow. This vasculature is the state of Sira in Ayurveda mentioned as Sarnatsira. Similarly, development of vessels from Srotas to Dhamani occurs in Fetus due to change in functional requirements. This occurs in human body. Thus, in this paper “Yata Pinde Tata Brahmande” Nyaya of Yajurveda which is very much similar to Ayurveda “Lok Purusha Samya Siddhanth” is justified in context of taxonomical circulatory system evolution and development

An insight into the placental morphology in a case of Edwards syndrome

Certain histomorphological features of the placenta can suggest, although not diagnose, the presence of abnormal karyotype in cases of chromosomal anomalies in the fetus. However, data correlating placental histology and abnormal fetal karyotype is scarce. Here, in this article, we wanted to enlighten the readers about the importance of the placental morphology in chromosomal aberrations by presenting a case of a 22-year-old primigravida who at 8 weeks of gestation had a regular prenatal check-up. Over a period of time, the ultrasound study at 21 weeks of gestation revealed a single live intrauterine fetus in a breech position with polyhydramnios, strawberry-shaped skull, and other features. Amniocentesis revealed that the fetus was having Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18). The placental examination showed areas of sclerosis and congestion with a single umbilical artery

An Ayurveda approach to Androgenetic Alopecia (Khalitya) - A Case Study

Face is the mirror of our personality and healthy vibrant hairs add a lot in improvement of our confidence and personality. In today’s developing world there are lots of changes in the dietary habits and lifestyle due to which its ill effects are seen in the form of systemic and local minor diseases. Hair fall has erupted as a major problem. Hair loss also known as Alopecia refers to loss of hair from part of the head. Androgenetic Alopecia (male pattern baldness) is commonest type of alopecia. Pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of men and a quarter of women. About 2% of people develop Alopecia at some point in time. In Ayurveda, gradual falling of hair is termed as Khalitya. It comes under the heading of Kshudra roga (minor disease) or Shiroroga (diseases of head & scalp). In the present case, a 20 years old male presented with problem of hair loss. He has severe itching in head since last two years. Also, he complained of severe dandruff and dryness in skull. He was having hair loss on vertex of skull. On basis of symptoms, he was diagnosed as severe case of Khalitya which is caused by Dushti of Chatur Dosha i.e., elevated Pitta along with Vata Dosha and Rakta Kapha Dushti. The principle of treatment is to regain the Samavastha of all the vitiated Doshas by oral medication like Narsimha Rasayana, Bhringraj Asava, Ashwagandha Churna, Aragvadha Phal Majja and by local application of Dhardhur Patradi Taila. There was gradual reduction in itching. Scaling and dryness of scalp reduced many folds with each consecutive follow up visit and then disappeared completely. Hairs start growing on the vertex bald patch. This case report showed that combined Ayurveda modalities resulted in great improvement in overall condition of the patient with no side effects

Oral manifestations of Alagille-2 syndrome: a rare case report

Alagille-2 syndrome (AGLS-2) is a rare autosomal dominant illness that affects the Notch signalling pathway, with few studies reported in the literature related to dental science. It is recognized clinically, with anomalies of the liver, skeleton, kidneys, eyes, and face manifesting. The JAG1 gene accounts for about 97 percent of instances of Alagille syndrome variation, whereas mutations in NOTCH2 account for only 1 percent. When serum bilirubin levels in children are higher than 30 mg/dl, bilirubin builds up in dental tissue and results in varied greenish-brown dyschromia of the teeth. We discussed the dental findings of a patient diagnosed with NOTCH-2 who sought out dental treatment at the government college of dentistry in Indore, MP (India), complaining of pain and a stain in his teeth with typical features of facial dysmorphism.

Impact of raw material surface oxide removal on dual band infrared optical properties of As2Se3 chalcogenide glass

The manufacturing of low loss chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) for optoelectronic applications is ultimately defined by the concentration of impurities present in starting materials or imparted via processing. We describe a rapid method for purifying metallic starting materials in As2Se3 glass where oxide reduction is correlated to optical and physical properties. Specifically, As-O reduction enhances the glass' dual-band optical transparency proportional to the extent (13-fold reduction) of oxide reduction, and is accompanied by a change in density and hardness associated with changes in matrix bonding. A significant modification of the glass' index and LWIR Abbe number is reported highlighting the significant impact purification has on material dispersion control required in optical designs. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreemen

Analytical Study of Raktvaha Srotas and Raktavahi Sira w.s.r. to Enucleated Erythrocyte

Dhatus are the constitutional elements of the body having properties of Dhaaran and Poshan and to restore their specific function is the principle of Ayurveda. Rakta Dhatu is the base of living being as it maintains life. To fulfill this purpose, Rakta circulates to each n every cell of body through its channel (Raktavaha Srotas). Acharya Charaka described only two moola of this Srotas viz Yakrit and Pleeha. Liver and spleen is the productive site and Raktavahi Dhamni (By Sushruta) are the conductive site to be consider as Raktavaha Srotomoola as Srotas includes Ashaya, Dhamni, Rasayni, Sira etc. Raktavahi Sira are the conductive sites of Rakta Dhatu i.e., the vessels loaded with newly formed blood cells. Life is the chief function of Rakta Dhatu as it conducts Prana to every Dhatu of body. So Rakta Dhatu should be considered in treatment of Pranakshaya, Sammoha (weakness, malaise, faint etc). Dhatu Kshaya and Vriddhi of other Dhatu are dependent on Rakta Dhatu. Snayu and Sira are formed during the formation of Rakta Dhatu as they are the Upadhatu of it. So, in the vitiation of them (diseases of Snayu & Sira), Rakta Dhatu should be considered in treatment plan. In Raktajvikaar like Raktakshayaja (Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, Polycythemia, leukocytosis, thrombosis), Rakta should be primarily considered and for that Yakrit and Pleeha should also be considerable in management of above