The Evolution of Public Health and Current Challenges: A Review

From the ancient ages, the human has been plagued by numerous diseases. While ancient people attributed disease due to divine causation and was stigmatised or isolate from the society, the middle ages let scientists find a reasonable explanation for disease, which led to discoveries of microorganisms and maintaining a clean environment and thus, Public Health Was born. This review discusses the evolution of Public Health and current challenges faced by Public Health Professionals

Biokemijske promjene u jetri i bubrezima ribe Clarias batrachus tretirane litijevim nitratom

The present paper deals with some enzymological alterations and glycogen-glucose relationship in the liver and kidney of Clarias batrachus in response to lithium nitrate administration. The toxin was administered by intramuscular injections and the dose of 500 µg was repeated every third day. The experimental animals received a total of 7500 µg LiN03 in 15 injections. The biochemical parameters were measured comparatively in the experimental and control animals. The results show that the glycogenolysis in the liver was accelerated by lithium administration and that a decrease in hepatic glycogen was associated with increase in glucose. The activities of enzymes AlPase and AcPase increased significantly. RNase and 5\u27nucleotidase also increased. Decreased lactic dehydrogenase reflected a disturbance in the tricarboxylic acid cycle whereas a rise in GOT and GPT indicated an increase in transamination reactions in the tested tissues.U radu se iznose promjene enzimskih aktivnosti te odnos koncentracija glikogena i glukoze u jetri i bubrezima ribe Clarias batrachus nakon višekratne intramuskularne aplikacije litijeva nitrata. Pokusne ribe primile su ukupno 750 µg LiN03 u 15 injekcija, dok su kontrolne životinje primale destiliranu vodu. Rezultati su pokazali da je glikogenoliza i u jetri i u bubrezima bila ubrzana davanjem litija, jer je nastalo smanjenje glikogena uz istodobno povećanje koncentracije glukoze. Aktivnosti alkalne i kisele fosfataze značajno su porasle. Ribonukleaza i 5\u27nukleotidaza također su imale veću aktivnost u tretiranih životinja. Smanjenje aktivnosti mliječne dehidrogenaze pripisuje se poremećenju ciklusa trikarboksilnih kiselina. Porast aktivnosti GOT i GPT upućuje na pojačanje transaminacijskih reakcija u jetri i bubregu

An exploratory study of the role of the organization and the repatriate in the repatriation management process

The area of repatriation management has been a neglected aspect of the international relocation literature. Due to the high turnover rates of repatriates, more attention is being paid to the repatriation dilemma. This exploratory study proposed a theoretical framework for understanding repatriate control behaviour. It examined the types of repatriation assistance that organizations are providing, the shortcomings of these interventions along with other variables were analyzed for their role in instigating individual control behaviours on behalf of the repatriates in order to manage their own repatriation process. Individual and organizational facilitators and hindrances to control initiatives were scrutinized in order to determine their role in assisting and impeding the individual control process. It was found that work related issues, more precisely, career matters were a serious concern for this sample. The deficiencies in organizational interventions centered mainly in the repatriate career management area. Networking was found to be a handy tool for overcoming the work-related problems associated with repatriate adjustment. Both research and practical implications are discussed

FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO-IN-VIVO EVALUATION OF ALGINATE-CHITOSAN MICROSPHERES OF GLIPIZIDE BY IONIC GELATION METHOD

Objective: The present work is aimed to formulate and evaluate alginate-chitosan microspheres of glipizide for the effective use in the treatment of diabetes.Methods: Sustained release microspheres were prepared by gentle mixing of polymers in water phase with drug by agitation. The polymers used for preparation were sodium alginate and chitosan, which was extruded into 5% calcium chloride solution to produce microspheres by ionic gelation method.Results: Single unit dosage form of Glipizide causes gastric irritation. To convert it in to the multiple unit dosage form will release the drug evenly throughout the stomach which suppresses the irritation. The aim of study towards formulation and evaluation of alginate-chitosan microspheres, which can provide sustained release of the model drug. It shows better in-vitro and in-vivo activity than conventional dosage forms. The work also aims to study various parameters affecting the behavior of microspheres in oral dosage form. Conclusion:  Drugs that are simply absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and having a short half life are eliminated rapidly from the blood flow. To avoid this trouble, the oral sustained release (SR) has been developed as these will release the drug slowly in to the GIT and maintain a stable drug concentration in the serum for a longer period of time

SYNTHESIS, FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING AND DNA CLEAVAGE ACTIVITIES OF SOME NOVEL INDOLE DERIVATIVES

Objective: Synthesis of a series of novel indole derivatives (6a-h) by condensation of indolyl chalcones (5a-h) with thiobarbituric acid to evaluate free radical scavenging and DNA cleavage activity.Methods: The newly synthesized compounds were screened for free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method. The DNA cleavage activity of some indole derivatives was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis method. The structures of the synthesized compounds are assigned on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data.Results: Among the synthesized compounds the simple indole derivative (6a) has very good scavenging activity, chloro and fluoro substituted indole derivatives (6g), (6h) have shown moderate activities and methyl derivatives (6e), (6f) have shown least activity compare with the standard. All the tested compounds in the series have exhibited promising DNA cleavage activity.Conclusion: A series of novel indole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for free radical scavenging and DNA cleavage activity. The compound (6g) was found most active among all the synthesized compounds.Â

TOTAL FLAVONOID QUANTIFICATION AND TO STUDY ANTIBACTERIAL POTENCY OF EXTRACTS OF BUTEA MONOSPERMA FLOWERS, NIGELLA SATIVA SEEDS AND VITEX AGNUS CASTUS LEAVES

Objective: An attempt has been made to develop a method for quantitative estimation of flavonoids in the crude extract of Butea monosperma flowers, Nigella sativa seeds and Vitex agnus castus leaves. Antibacterial activity is attributed to various phytochemicals present in these plants.Methods: The amount of total flavonoids was analysed using aluminium chloride colorimetric assay using rutin as standard. Plants studied were subjected to hydromethanolic extraction by using soxhlet apparatus. Flavonoids in extracts were quantified by U. V at a wavelength of 415 nm Antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated on various bacterias like E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. pneumonie, P. acne. The in vitro antibacterial activities of these extracts were compared against standard drugs such as gentamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin.Results: Flavonoid content in the crude extract of Butea monosperma flowers, Nigella sativa seeds and Vitex agnus castus leaves was found to be 2.58 %w/w, 0.92% w/w and 1.6 % w/w respectively. The antibacterial study found that activity of Vitex extract against P. acne was better than the standard drugsConclusion: In the present study an attempt has been made to standardize the plant material in terms of its flavonoid content and the study indicated that this extract individually or in combination with other herbal drugs can be useful in treating diseases caused by the organisms mentioned above

EVALUATION OF STABILITY OF HERBAL ANTI-ACNE GEL FORMULATION

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical stability of prepared gel formulations at various intervals for a period of one year.Methods: The amount of total flavonoids was analysed using aluminium chloride colorimetric assay using rutin as standard. Gels were dissolved in distilled water and then analysis was carried out and flavonoids quantified by U. V at a wavelength of 415 nm.Results: Flavanoid content were examined at various time intervals and rate of drug degradation was calculated graphically and by using arrhenius equation. The shelf life of the prepared gel F1, F2, F3, and F4 was found to be 291.76, 460, 184 and 148.39 d.Conclusion: In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the shelf life of herbal gel formulations and to generate scientific database for formulation and evaluation of herbal products

National level policy and local level practices: a multilayered analysis of language policy practices in Nepalese school education

The purpose of this article is to analyze local practices of the National Level Language Policy in School Education (hereafter, LPSE) in Nepal. Offering examples of three schools from Tanahun District representing two broad categories of Nepalese schools, i.e. private and public, I discuss the following: How is LPSE practiced in each school? How do national policy and local practices interact during policy processes? On the basis of ethnographic study in three schools, I found that the national level LPSE is interpreted and appropriated differently in multiple layers of policy practices in each context, but not beyond the outmost-boundary   proffered by the national level policy structure in Nepal

Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Lipid Profiling of Spermadicyton Suaveolens in Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetic Rats Article

Diabetes is a life-threatening disease, and currently available synthetic medicines for treating diabetes are associated with various side effects. Therefore, there is an unmet need to develop herbal remedies against diabetes as an alternative to synthetic medicines. Although local healers use the roots of Spermadicyton suaveolens (SS) to manage diabetes, there is negligible research to validate its antidiabetic properties. The present investigation aims to the assess the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic potential of the ethanolic extract of S. Suaveolen’s roots (EESS) on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The extract was screened for in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. The in vivo antidiabetic potential of EESS (at 200 and 400 mg/kg) was studied on STZ-induced diabetic rats for 20 days. The EESS displayed significant (p<0.05) antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. The administration of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg EESS in STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly reduced hyperglycemia, and restored antioxidant enzymes and lipid profile-a high density lipoprotein (HDL) increased by the administration of a single dose of streptozotocin. Thus, EESS could be a promising herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia