INFORMAL LEARNING: AN INNOVATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EDUCATION

Purpose of the study: The main purpose of this study is to identify how informal learning is an innovation in the education system for sustainable development of country and throw light on the role of informal learning in education for sustainable development and to identify the different ways of informal learning in education system. Methodology: This study is based on secondary data. The data has been collected from different journals, books, magazines, websites and different studies related to informal learning, education and sustainable development. The collected data has been extracted, reviewed, and concluded to identify how informal learning is an innovation towards sustainable development in education. The informal ways of learning in education can be the tool for sustainable development of a nation by providing better learning opportunities to the next generation students. Main Findings: Informal learning is a developing and innovative tool in education. Some of the informal ways of learning are self-learning approach, practical and interactive sessions on social issues, web-based learning, and informal conversation among students through creating informal spaces. Applications of this study: This study can be helpful is to provide a new innovative way of learning in the education of students for next generation. These ways of informal learning can be used by schools/colleges/institutes for learning of students. Novelty/Originality of this study: In this study informal ways among students learning has been described and their outcomes which can be used by schools/colleges/institutes as an innovative learning tool for better understanding of students. Not much work has been done in this area in India and informal learning is totally a new concept among students and in academics

Phylogenetic diversity analysis of Trichoderma species based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker

The phylogeny of Trichoderma and the phylogenetic relationships of its species was investigated by maximum parsimony analysis and distance analysis of DNA sequences from multiple genetic loci 18S rDNA sequence analysis suggests that the genus Trichoderma evolved at the same time as Hypomyces and Fusarium and thus about 110 Myr ago 28S rDNA sequence analysis shows that the genus Trichoderma is part of a monophyletic branch within the Hypocreaceae. Most isolates of the genus Trichoderma were found to act as mycoparasites of many economically important aerial and soil-borne plant pathogens. Trichoderma has attained importance as a substitute for chemical pesticides and hence an attempt was intended to corroborate the positive relatedness of molecular and morphological characters. Two fungal strains, Trichoderma koningii Tk-5201/CSAU and Trichoderma virens Tvi-4177/CSAU were isolated from a soil sample collected from CSA Farm, Kanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The universal primers (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) were used for the amplification of 18S rRNA gene fragment and strains were thus characterized with the help of ITS marker. It is proposed that the identified strains T. koningii Tk-5201/CSAU and T. virens Tvi-4177/CSAU be assigned as the type strains of a species of genus Trichoderma based on phylogenetic tree analysis together with the 18S rRNA gene sequence search in Ribosomal Database Project, small subunit rRNA and large subunit rRNA databases. The sequence was deposited in GenBank with the accession numbers KC800923 and KC800924, respectively. Thus an integrated approach of morphological and molecular markers can be employed to identify a superior strain of Trichoderma for its commercial exploitation.Keywords: 18S ribosomal RNA gene, Trichoderma, phylogenetic analysis, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), DNA sequencing, GenBankAfrican Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 13(3), pp. 449-455, 15 January, 201

Ethnopharmacology of Some Important Medicinal Plants of Nanda Devi National Park (NDNP) Uttarakhand, India

Abstract: Ethnopharmacology deals with the applied aspects of plants and has been emerged as an important discipline of traditional botany with modern sciences. With the increasing demands of vegetational resources in developing world, it has been attracted much attention in recent past. The paper presents few of the important medicinal plants present in alpine and sub alpine regions of core and buffer zone of Nanda Devi National Park (NDNP), district Chamoli, Uttarakhand. Since inhabitants and tribal communities have strong faith and belief in Indigenous Health Care system, they have been interviewed along with herbal practitioners, priests and shepherds during the entire study. Establishing small scale industry on medicinal plants may be helpful in capacity building of unprivileged inhabitants of this remote region. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):9-14]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). Key words: medicinal plants; folk recipes; NDNP, U.K. Introduction The Nanda Devi National Park is the first and foremost highly valued core of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. It has an area of 624.6 sq. km. and has an average altitude exceeding 4500 m asl surrounded by high mountain ridges and peaks on all sides. Some of the important peaks encircling the National Park are Dunagiri (7066 m), Rishi Pahar (6992 m), Mangraon (6765 m), Nanda Khat (6631 m), Maiktoli (6803 m), Mrigthuni (6655 m), Trishul I-II (7120-6319m), Nanda Devi (7817 m), Devisthan I-II (6529 -6678 m) and Hanuman Peaks (6070 m), situated in the park. The park is situated in the form of a cup, with lush-green meadows, cluttering white water falls, and rich wild flora and fauna Ethno-medicinal plants, as a group, comprise approximately 8000 species and account for about 50% of all the higher flowering plant species in India. A large number of the country's rural population depends on medicinal plants for treating various illnesse

Ethno-medicinal Plants used for Amenorrhoea and Abnormal Menstruation Diseases in Narendra Nagar Block, District TehriGarhwal, Uttarakhand

The present paper deals with ethno-medicinal information on 12 flowering plant species commonly used by women of Narendra Block to cure amenorrhoea and abnormal menstruation diseases and disorder.Amenorrhoea failure to menstruate is very common among women above the age of 35 years. Abnormal uterine bleeding i.e. excessive menstrual scanty menstrual are also common problems.  The cause of disease, its symptoms, and plant organs utilized and methods of preparation of remedies are provided.The information data on ethno-botanical plants were collected through the dialogue and arranging night meeting with local knowledgeable people of the villages. The ethno-medicinal data was gathered from local women and the tribal medicine men, ’Vaidhyas’

Indigenous traditional knowledge recorded on some medicinal plants in Narendra Nagar Block (Tehri Garhwal), Uttarakhand

110-115Garhwal Himalaya has been the reservoir of enormous natural resources including vegetational wealth. Local natives and tribes who live in the vicinity of forest, being close to the nature, possess a deep practical knowledge on indigenous flora, pertaining to curatives, culture, customs, ethos, cults, religion, belief, legends, myths as well as other miscellaneous uses. The people in remote villages and tribal areas depend upon the folk medicines and household remedies to a great extent. The prevalent practice of herbal remedies has descended down from generation to generation and includes the cure from simple ailments to the most complicated one. The present communication pertains to the traditional knowledge on some medicinal plants used for the treatment of various diseases i.e. dysentery, dysmenorrhea, obstetrical problem, piles, leucorrhoea, nasal bleeding, ophthalmic disorder, alopecia, scabies, urinary disorder, bronchitis, lumbago, epilepsy, sleeplessness, splenomegaly, galactagogue, etc

Ethno-medicinal plants from transitional zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, District Chamoli, Uttarakhand (India)

116-120The present communication deals with the ethno-medicinal plants of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR). The study was carried out on montane region located in transitional zone of NDBR in district Chamoli, Uttarkhand, India. The inhabitants have great faith in traditional knowledge of plants and their uses. Ethno-medicinal information on 21 plant species belonging to 20 families has been included in this paper. Information on traditional formulations, mode of administration and the ailments for which they are effective, apart from botanical and local plant names has been provided. The medicines consist of a single drug in the form of decoction, extract, oil, powder and pellets. These are prepared from leaves, petiole, bark, stem, roots, flowers, seeds, latex or entire plants. In few cases, application of latex or fresh parts like flowers or simply contact of plant parts were noted. The inhabitants use different plants for some common health problems like skin ailments, cuts, wounds, cold, cough, chronic fever, headache, stomachache, urinary complaints, respiratory disorder and gynaecological problems

Ethno-medicinal Plants of the Garhwal Himalaya Used to Cure Various Diseases: A Case Study

Abstract: Garhwal Himalaya has been the reservoir of enormous natural resource including vegetational wealth. Primitive communities and tribes who live in the vicinity of forest due to being close to the nature, possess a deep practical knowledge on indigenous flora, pertaining to curatives, culture, customs, ethos, cults, religion, belief, legends, myths as well as other miscellaneous uses. The people in remote villages and tribal areas depend upon the folk medicines and household remedies to a great extent. The prevalent practice of herbal remedies has descended down from generation to generation and includes the cure from simple ailments to the most complicated one. The present communication pertains to the ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of various diseases and ailments like dysentery

Micellar features and other solution properties of copper(II) soaps in benzene

2527-2530Copper soaps prepared from various vegetable oils have been analyzed for their micellar characteristics. Density of copper surfactants of groundnut, mustard, sesame and soyabean oils in benzene has been measured and using density data, molar volume and apparent molar volume have been evaluated . These parameters show a change at cmc suggesting the micellar behaviour of the soaps. The critical micelle concentration are found to decrease with increase in average molecular weight of the soap. The apparent molar volume has been examined in terms of Masson equation. The limiting apparent molar volume (ɸvo) has been interpreted in terms of solute-solvent interaction while limiting slope (Sv) in terms of solute-solute interaction. The studies of various interactions suggest that solute –solvent interaction increases with the increase in content of shorter fatty acid in the composition of vegetable oil and lowering of molecular weight whereas solute-solute interaction decreases

ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science MAJOR WEEDS OF PADDY FIELDS IN DISTRICT RAJOURI (J&K) INDIA

ABSTRACT The present communication pertains to major weeds of paddy fields in district Rajouri (J&K). The study was based on extensive and intensive fields surveys made during different months of rainy season [2009][2010][2011]. During the course of field study the authors have selected 6 important paddy growing blocks in district Rajouri and divided them into two sites (S1 upland site containing the blocks Kalakote, Manjakote and Sunderbani in which irrigation facility is lacking and S2 lowland site containing blocks Nowshera, Rajouri and Budhal which is facilitated with irrigation). Frequent field trips were made twice a month in each site for collection of weeds. During this period the authors have reported a total of 65 weed species belonging to 23 angiospermic and 1 pteridophytic families from both the sites. Out of 23 angiospermic families the predominance was shown by monocot families Cyperaceae and Poaceae having 15 and 12 weed species, respectively. The pteridophytic family Marsileaceae was represented by 01 weed species