ПОРУШЕННЯ ВСМОКТУВАННЯ ТА НЕПЕРЕНОСИМОСТІ ЛАКТОЗИ: ПАТОГЕНЕЗ, ДІАГНОСТИКА ТА ЛІКУВАННЯ

The problem of lactose metabolism remains relevant from the standpoint of various areas of medical research. Clinicians, anthropologists, physiologists and geneticists are engaged in the study of lactose digestion devices and various types of disorders associated with it, including lactose intolerance.Determination of such mechanisms allows us to understand not only the nutritional causes of the development of functional intestinal symptoms, but also the evolution of man and nutrition, culture and lifestyle. Symptoms of lactose intolerance are abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, bloating, and diarrhea after drinking milk or dairy products. These symptoms may be caused by malabsorption of lactose, which is the result of low levels of lactase in the small intestine. Symptoms also occur after consumption of lactose or lactose products, with no apparent effect on the human microbiota and overall health. Therefore, of particular concern are the strict dairy-free diets commonly prescribed for patients with such complaints.This article discusses modern recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance, which largely comply with European recommendations.The problem of lactose metabolism remains relevant from the standpoint of various areas of medical research. Clinicians, anthropologists, physiologists and geneticists are engaged in the study of lactose digestion devices and various types of disorders associated with it, including lactose intolerance.Determination of such mechanisms allows us to understand not only the nutritional causes of the development of functional intestinal symptoms, but also the evolution of man and nutrition, culture and lifestyle. Symptoms of lactose intolerance are abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, bloating, and diarrhea after drinking milk or dairy products. These symptoms may be caused by malabsorption of lactose, which is the result of low levels of lactase in the small intestine. Symptoms also occur after consumption of lactose or lactose products, with no apparent effect on the human microbiota and overall health. Therefore, of particular concern are the strict dairy-free diets commonly prescribed for patients with such complaints.This article discusses modern recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance, which largely comply with European recommendations

THE CLINICAL EFFICACY OF SUBLINGUAL ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY IN CHILDREN AGED 3-5 YEARS

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of sublingual allergen–specific immunotherapy (SLIT) in Ukrainian children younger than 5 years old with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma sensitized to house dust mite allergens.Material and methods: Four hundred and fifty children aged 28 months up to 5 years with rhinitis or asthma were examined. One hundred and twenty five children sensitized to house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and/or Dermatophagoides farina were included. In vivo and in vitro tests were made with a standard inhalant allergens panel.Results: The high information value of molecular diagnostics methods applied prior to prescription of the given therapy in children is analyzed. It has been found that in children under 5 sensitized to allergens of house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and/or Dermatophagoides farinae the application of sublingual allergen–specific immunotherapy therapy allows gaining control over the symptoms of the disease during the first 6 months.Conclusion: The high safety of SLIT in children has been proven. Comparative analysis in the group of patients not receiving SLIT shows a high frequency of symptoms of the disease after “free-of-symptoms interval” against full or partial baseline therapy denial

Огляд та експертна оцінка матеріалів європейського мітингу з питань гіперчутливості до ліків (DHM 2022)

Наведено сучасні дані про механізми розвитку реакцій гіперчутливості до ліків (РГЧ). Актуальність проблеми пов’язана зі значною поширеністю побічних реакцій на ліки, у структурі яких значну частку займають імунні алергічні реакції. Несприятливі побічні реакції на ліки, за даними літератури, трапляються у 10-20% госпіталізованих пацієнтів і близько 25% амбулаторних пацієнтів. Серйозна проблема РГЧ - це їх гіпердіагностика, яка впливає на результати індивідуального лікування та може мати серйозні наслідки в разі помилково встановленого діагнозу, бо викликає відповідні обмеження у використанні необхідних препаратів. Мета - проаналізувати сучасні погляди та рекомендації, присвячені проблемі медикаментозної алергії; висвітлити питання мітингу 2022 року, на якому розглянуто проблеми гіперчутливості до ліків. Зокрема, показати взаємозв’язок вірусних інфекцій та тяжких шкірних реакцій, таких як синдром ураження шкіри з еозинофілією та системними розладами. Розглянуто і запропоновано до використання алгоритми, за допомогою яких можна попередити розвиток ускладнень, викликаних РГЧ. Матеріали статті спираються на результати Європейського мітингу, організованого Європейською асоціацією алергологів та імунологів у 2022 році в місті Верона, Італія. У висновках зазначено, що, незважаючи на зацікавленість системи охорони здоров’я та значну кількість досліджень і публікацій з проблеми медикаментозної алергії, на сьогодні гостро постає потреба в точних діагностичних підходах, що забезпечать правильну ідентифікацію передбачуваного препарату за допомогою комбінації необхідних тестів і визначать причину для можливості призначення відповідного лікування. Розглянуто нові механізми, фенотипи та ендотипи РГЧ до ліків - майбутні ключі до запобігання подальшому впливу шкідливих препаратів. Майбутнім для України може стати попередній фармакогеномний скринінг (визначення специфічних генотипів людського лейкоцитарного антигену, пов’язаних із тяжкими шкірними побічними реакціями) для пацієнтів певних груп перед призначенням препаратів високого ризику. Автор заявляє про відсутність конфлікту інтересів

Single-Crystal Permanent Magnets: Extraordinary Magnetic Behavior in the Ta-,Cu-, and Fe-Substituted CeCo 5 Systems

To reduce material and processing costs of commercial permanent magnets and to attempt to fill the empty niche of energy products, 10–20 MGOe, between low-flux (ferrites, alnico) and high-flux (Nd2Fe14B- and SmCo5-type) magnets, we report the synthesis, structure, magnetic properties, and modeling of Ta-, Cu-, and Fe-substituted CeCo5. Using a self-flux technique, we grow single crystals of Ce15.1Ta1.0Co74.4Cu9.5, Ce16.3Ta0.6Co68.9Cu14.2, Ce15.7Ta0.6Co67.8Cu15.9, Ce16.3Ta0.3Co61.7Cu21.7, and Ce14.3Ta1.0Co62.0Fe12.3Cu10.4. X-ray-diffraction analysis shows that these materials retain a CaCu5 substructure and incorporate small amounts of Ta in the form of “dumbbells,” filling the 2e crystallographic sites within the one-dimensional hexagonal channel with the 1a Ce site, whereas Co, Cu, and Fe are statistically distributed among the 2c and 3g crystallographic sites. Scanning-electron-microscopy, energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectroscopy, and scanning-transmission-electron-microscopy examinations provide strong evidence of the single-phase nature of the as-grown crystals, even though they readily exhibit significant magnetic coercivities of approximately 1.6 kOe to approximately 1.8 kOe caused by Co-enriched, nanosized structural defects and faults that can serve as pinning sites. Heat treatments at 1040∘C for 10 h and hardening at 400∘Cfor 4 h lead to the formation of a so-called composite crystal with a bimodal microstructure that consists of a Ta-poor matrix and Ta-rich laminal precipitates. Formation of the composite crystal during the heat treatment creates a three-dimensional array of extended defects within a primarily single-grain single crystal, which greatly improves its magnetic characteristics. Possible causes for the formation of the composite crystal may be associated with Ta atoms leaving matrix interstices at lower temperatures and/or matrix degradation induced by decreased miscibility at lower temperatures. Fe strongly increases both the Curie temperature and magnetization of the system resulting, in (BH)max≈13MGOe at room temperature

Cesium based all inorganic perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells have shown considerable amount of promise in the last ten years. Their efficiencies have improved at a dramatic rate surpassing some of the top PV materials such as CdTe and CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) and caught up with that of silicon. At the same time simple and inexpensive growth methods possess immense potential for perovskites to become low-cost alternative to the presently available PV technologies. However, the organic-inorganic perovskites still face some of the fundamental barriers to their commercialization such as their instability against heat and moisture, ion migration (hysteresis) and phase instability causing device degradation and presence of lead – one of the most toxic chemical elements. In our studies we propose the use of all inorganic perovskite material by substituting organic MA (Methylammonium) and FA (Formamidinium) cations with inorganic Cs and then by substituting iodine anions with bromine we manage to make our perovskite very stable against both heat and moisture with low hysteresis effects. There is no phase transition observed from the photoactive black phase to non-perovskite yellow phase. Furthermore, our studies attempt to eliminate lead by using non-toxic element such as tin and bismuth. All the perovskite fabrication is done by vacuum evaporation instead of solutions processing - making the whole process scalable and well reproducible as well. With the all inorganic perovskite - CsPbBr_3 having large bandgap of 2.35 eV, we have been able to fabricate solar cell devices with planar N-I-P superstrate architectures which would possess record high open-circuit voltage of 1.69 V corresponding to less than 1/3 of the voltage loss. We demonstrated change in optical and structural properties of perovskites when N-type substrate bilayer of CdS:In@TiO_2 was used as opposed to another N-type bilayer of ZnSe @TiO_2, as well as single layer of TiO_2. As an additional step of interfacial engineering, we managed to relieve crystal lattice strain of perovskites by depositing thin layer of PbBr_2 after CsPbBr_3 phase had already been formed, improving performance and efficiency beyond 8% compared to Shockley-Queisser limit of about 15%. Our standard devices using organic HTM of P3HT possessed open-circuit voltages of over 1.6 V, short-circuit currents of over 6 mA/cm^2 and fill-factors higher than 75%. With the use of carbon contact, we made an all-inorganic device, i.e., we went from using an organic P-layer (P3HT) to an inorganic P-layer (Carbon). Fabricated devices demonstrated excellent stability against air, heat and light