Effect use of steel fiber on mechanical properties of concrete mixture

In this paper the influence of commercialize steel fiber with properties of hooked end with 60 mm length and 0.75 mm diameter on the mechanical properties of concrete with three varied volumes of steel fiber 0%, 1% and 2% by volume were added to concrete mixes have been investigated. The design compressive strength considered was 25 MPa. Cubes specimens of size 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm to test the compressive strength were prepared for the time of 7th and 28th day, and flexural specimens with 100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm were prepared. In this study, after 28 days of curing, compressive and flexural strength were determined. The use of steel fiber has shown a significant change on the mechanical properties of the concrete, in particular the compressive and flexural strength with the increase of the volume fraction of steel fibers. The test results show that the use of steel fiber improves the compressive strength, moreover change the failure type to ductile failures

Periwinkle shell as mixing ingredient in concrete: A review

Growing population which also pushes for rising demand for seafood results in a generation of seashells which are thrown as environmental pollution waste after the edible meat is consumed. Meanwhile, the utilisation of natural resources as mixing ingredients for the production of concrete materials continues to increase over the year. The use of periwinkle shells as mixing ingredients in concrete materials can lower the dependency on natural aggregate supply. This paper discusses the properties of periwinkle shell and method of treatment prior to their usage as a cement and coarse aggregate as well as the mechanical properties of concrete produced using this seashell waste. Overall, the replacement of periwinkle shell as cement and coarse aggregate must be integrated in a specified percentage to enhance the performance of the concrete. For cement replacement, 5% of replacement gives the highest strength, meanwhile 10% of replacement as coarse aggregate can meet the desired strength. The increase in the use of periwinkle shell quantity as cement or coarse aggregate replacement reduces concrete workaibility. The integration of periwinkle shell influences the compresssive strength of concrete. Accomplishment in replacing periwinkle shell as cement and coarse aggregate would reduce pollutiion due to shell dumping and save natural resources. However, further investigation in terms of durability properties is recommended

Compressive strength of lightweight aggregate concrete containing crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement

The widespread use of natural sand mined from the river for concrete production worldwide causes environmental degradation. The cockle shell waste from aquaculture industry which discarded at dumpsite also pollutes the environment. Utilization of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce the harvesting of sand from the river and limit the waste dumping from cockle industry. The experimental research investigates the effect of different sizes crushed cockle shell (600µm and 2.36mm) as partial sand replacement on the workability and compressive strength of lightweight aggregate concrete. 5 types of concrete mixes consisting various percentages of crushed cockle shell ranging from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were used in this research. All specimens were water cured until the scheduled testing time. The workability and compressive strength of concrete were determined via slump test and compressive strength test respectively. The outcome shows that the use of different sized crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement influences the workability and strength of concrete. The concrete becomes more workable when larger quantity of crushed cockle shell is used. Integration 5% of 600µm and 10% of 2.36mm crushed cockle shell forms concrete with the targeted strength. Using crushed cockle shell as mixing ingredient in concrete reduces quantity of waste thrown and contributes to cleaner surrounding

Numerical investigation of steel reinforcement arrangement in reinforced concrete wall subjected to blast

Three-dimensional (3D) numerical modelling of inverted-T shape reinforced concrete (RC) wall subjected to blast load is study in this paper. The walls have the same moment resistance with different steel reinforcement arrangements. It is subjected to 13.61 kg Trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive at 1.21 m standoff distance from the centre. The Arbitrary Lagrange Euler (ALE) solvers coupling approach is employed for the interface analysis between air and structure to simulate the damage mechanism in AUTODYN numerical commercial software. The numerical damage indicator indicated, with mesh dependency assessment, the damage pattern vs experimental appeared precisely on the steel reinforcement grid due to the smaller element size compared to the coarse element used

Effect of sodium hydroxide on mechanical characteristics of kenaf fibers reinforced concrete

This article shows the experimental analysis of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) effects on the mechanical properties upon the addition of kenaf fibres to the concrete mixture. The compression and flexural tests were carried out on seven different concrete mixtures for 28 days to evaluate the mechanical characteristics. Hence, the experimental trials comprise of seven different mixtures of concrete; the control (without the addition of kenaf fibre) was represented as the first mixture. The following six concrete mixtures contain different kenaf fibre volume fractions (1% and 2%); they were treated with 1%, 3% and 6% of sodium hydroxide concentrations in order to investigate their performances. The experimental results show that the compressive and flexural strengths of kenaf fibres reinforced concrete increase as sodium hydroxide concentration increases. Besides, it is worth noting that the addition of kenaf fibres has an insignificant effect on the compressive strength of the concrete owing to the reduction in concrete density. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrated that the concrete flexural strength increased to up to 12%) upon the addition of 1% kenaf fibre associated with 6% NaOH. Moreover, the failure state increasingly changed to ductile from brittle

Review paper: Strength performance of eggshell as a cement replacement in concrete

The numbers of Malaysian construction industry had been increasing in several years with the large construction building and infrastructures projects had been constructed. Therefore, these developments led to an increase of cement production. The production of cement will cause wider environmental implication such are air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution which are very dangerous for human health. This is due to the manufacturing of cement that release dust, toxic and carbon dioxide emissions, which is a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. To overcome this problem, several researches had been conducted for the past few decade to find a new waste material that have same mechanical properties which can replace cement content in construction. One of the most promising materials that shows great potential is eggshell as a cement replacement. It is reported that the global egg production will increase to about 90 million tons by 2030, therefore the waste of eggshell will be increased too. This paper study the mechanical properties of eggshell as a cement replacement in concrete. Several papers had been reviewed and the results are presented in order to shows the performance of eggshell in concrete. The result shows that the concrete with less than 15% replacement of eggshell produced higher compressive and tensile strength compared to normal concrete. Moreover, the flexural strength of concrete containing eggshell up to 20% replacement shows comparable results with normal concrete. From the results, by replacing cement with eggshell up to 15% show a good performance as well as can reduce the use of cement and reduce the eggshell wasted in landfill

Review paper: Performance of rice husk ash as a material for partial cement replacement in concrete

The construction industry had approached a critical limit which led to the increase of cement production. The production of cement would cause a broader environmental implication. Cement production is a major source of carbon dioxide emission. Carbon dioxide gas contributes about 63.33% of global warming since the production of one ton of cement would emit about one ton of carbon dioxide to the environment. To mitigate this issue, the research community has investigated the use of waste materials that possess similar chemical properties with cement content as a material for partial cement replacement. The use of rice husk ash has shown to be a contending candidate in the literature. Therefore, this paper attempts at reviewing the performance of rice husk ash as partial cement replacement. It could be observed from the literature that concrete with 5% up to 15% of rice husk ash showed an equivalent performance to ordinary concrete in compressive, flexural, and tensile strength. Thus, rice husk ash can be used as a material replacement in concrete and reduces pollution that originates from cement production and open burning of rice husk

The assessment on the acceptance of waste materials as a partial cement replacement in Malaysian construction industry

The numbers of Malaysia construction industry had been increasing in several years with the large construction building and infrastructures projects had been constructed. Therefore, these developments led to an increase of cement production. The production of cement causes a wider environmental implication such as air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution which are very dangerous for human health. This is due to the manufacturing of cement that release dust, toxic and carbon dioxide emissions, which is a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. To overcome this problem, several researches had been conducted for the past few decades to develop a new material to replace cement. Most of the materials selected are from waste materials that has similar chemical properties and mechanical properties. From the research, most of the results show a positive performance in concrete and suitable to be use as a cement replacement. Unfortunately, the research stops at the research stage where it is rarely seen that these waste materials had been used in construction, especially in Malaysia. Most of the developers did not corporate these waste materials as a cement replacement in their construction work due to unclear reasons. Therefore, this study had been conducted to investigate the factors of un-implementation of waste materials in construction industry especially in Malaysian construction. This can be achieved by intensive literature review on properties and performance of waste materials in concrete. An interview session with an expertise also had been conducted to design a questionnaire that later had been distributed to 140 respondents from construction site background especially registered contractor Class G1-G7 all around Peninsular Malaysia. The data had been analyzed and the factor contribute to un-implemented of waste materials in construction had been identified. From the data analysis, factors that contributes to the un-implemented are due to lack of awareness and knowledge about waste materials as a cement replacement. Thus, to overcome this problem, respondents suggest that the workshop need to be conducted to spread the awareness and give a knowledge regarding waste materials as a cement replacement

Eco-cement: Save the mother nature

Environmental pollution caused by disposal of solid wastes from fisheries industries along with increasing use of limestone for cement manufacturing in construction industry has led to the development of ECO-CEMENT. ECO-CEMENT is an environmental friendly cement formed by cockle shell powder as mixing ingredient. ECO-CEMENT give positive impact to the environment by reducing cockle shell dumping and reducing usage of limestone cement in construction sector. Adding powder cockle shell as partial cement replacement reduces cement use leading towards reduction of greenhouse gas released by cement industry

Behavior on the mechanical performance and scanning electron microscopy of coal waste brick

Waste is a common ingredient in Malaysia that has to do with man-made waste. Waste materials can be abundant in landfills without any profit. Waste materials can be harmful to the environment as well as to human health. One of the most abundant wastes is coal combustion ash from coal-fired power plants. In addition, the most common material used in the construction industry is brick. Bricks have been used for non-polluting structures and must be made of durable materials. The common material used for bricks is clay, sand and cement. All these ingredients are derived from natural resources. The depletion of natural resources has been a cause of concern for many. Therefore, this paper focuses on the development of bricks from coal terms of mechanical properties. The density, compressive strength and water absorption capacity of bricks made from coal ash were investigated after curing for 7, 14 and 28 days. The results show that the density of bricks made from coal ash is low, while the compressive strength meets the requirements and is 10.25 MPa and 8.67 MPa higher than control concrete, respectively. For the crushing value, the coal ash was compared with the coarse aggregate to meet the requirements of the test. The result shows that the coal is 34.6% higher than the natural aggregate. In conclusion, the use of coal ash in the production of bricks is a promising long-term option for the production of bricks