Does Electricity Consumption affect Economic Growth in Bangladesh?

This research attempts to uncover the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Bangladesh adopting co-integration and causality analysis using time series data spanning from 1972 to 2011. It takes under consideration the variables Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Electricity Consumption (EC) and Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) to fulfill the research objective. Adopting Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests of unit root, it is observed that the first differences of all the three variables are stationary which indicates that the variables are co-integrated of order 1. The trace test and maximum Eigen value of Johansen co-integration test confirm that all the variables are co-integrated with one co-integrating vector. Besides, using Impulse Response Functions (IFRs) of Vector Auto-regression (VAR), the possible forecasting for the relationship of the variables has been performed. The empirical result based on Granger F-test reveals existence of unidirectional causality running from Electricity Consumption (EC) to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Electricity Consumption (EC) to Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) without having any reverse causation. Thus, it implies that Electricity Consumption (EC) affects both Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) drives only Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) in short run without feedback in the long run

Materials data base and design equations for the UCLA solid breeder blanket

The materials and properties investigated for this blanket study are listed. The phenomenological equations and mathematical fits for all materials and properties considered are given. Efforts to develop a swelling equation based on the few experimental data points available for breeder materials are described. The sintering phenomena for ceramics is investigated

Primary service outage degradation in dynamic spectrum sharing with non-ideal spectrum sensing

In a dynamic spectrum sharing system, secondary users (SUs) attempt to maximise their throughput while preserving a given level of quality of service (QoS) for primary users (PUs). In doing so, the secondary network monitors the spectrum and decides on spectrum availability, which at times and for various reasons, may be erroneous. If spectrum is sensed as available, the secondary network selects an appropriate spectrum access strategy, and adjusts other communication parameters such as transmit power levels. In this study, the authors analyse primary service outage degradation caused by secondary access with non-ideal spectrum sensing. For different spectrum access strategies, namely, the overlay and the modified underlay spectrum access (MUSA), the authors derive a closed-form expression for the maximum outage probability degradation (MOD) in the presence of spectrum sensing errors and fading and show how adjustments by secondary service can result in attaining the desired QoS for PUs. Besides, for a given acceptable MOD in the primary network, the authors obtain a lower bound on the achievable expected rate of the secondary service in Nakagami-m and Rayleigh fading channels. Simulations confirm the analysis and show that MUSA considerably increases the secondary service rate, particularly when the activity of primary service is above 50%

Analysis EDFA Gain in OCDMA System for Fiber-to-the-Home Network

In this paper, the optimum EDFA gain is analyzed for an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) at different bit rates for 30 km transmission distance. The Enhance Double Weight (EDW) code is used as a signature address of the system because this code can accommodate more number of simultaneous users under considerable standard Bit-Error-Rate (e.g. ≤ 10E-9). In addition, this system receiver is designed using NAND subtraction technique to produce better signal and increase the bit-error-rate (BER) performance and maintain error floor transmission rate (10E-9). The extensive theoretical and simulation has been taken into the account to carry out analysis. We ascertained from our analysis results that the proposed detention technique significantly improves the signal quality and require low optimum gain of the system. Therefore, this system is considered as a promising solution for Fiber-to-the-Home access network

doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxm014 Service Availability in Concurrent Systems- Part I: A Theory of Hierarchical Services of Interacting Processes

A novel formal model is introduced that is tailored to the treatment of the service availability problem in concurrent systems. This model, called hierarchical services of interacting processes (HSIP), incorporates the hierarchy of services, processes, shared variables, and dense time to reason about services quantitatively. The underlying concept is that a service, via its hierarchy, relates to a number of so-called ‘atomic services ’ at the bottom of the hierarchy that are the outcomes of actions having no subaction within. The services in a hierarchy are the results Mof processes acting and interacting with each other to provide the service at the top of the hierarchy. These processes can completely be described by actions resulting in atomic services. The main features of HSIP are twofold. First, through this model, a wide range of quasi-isolated problems such as mutual exclusion, system reconfiguration, fault tolerance, resource allocation, denial of service, and quality of service can be stated and analyzed in a cohesive manner. Second, it retains the use of shared variables, but resolves the main shortcoming of the shared-variable approach, which is the implicitness of interactions among system components