Quantification of Berberine in different Berberis Species and their Commercial Samples from Herbal Drug Markets of India through HPTLC

A simple, precise, and convenient HPTLC method has been established for the analysis of Berberine, the major marker compound extracted from the root and stem of different Berberis species and their commercial samples in the name of Daruharidra. Chromatography was performed on silica gel 60F254 plates with n-propanol:water:formic acid (90:8.0:0.4) as mobile phase. Detection and quantification were performed densitometrically at λmax = 360 nm with berberine as external standard. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and linearity over wide range of concentrations. Berberine concentration in different species and their commercial counterpart were calculated. This will be utilized by pharmaceutical industries for the bioprospection of allied Berberis species for commercial exploitation and batch to batch consistency of raw materials

Exploring Bacillus thuringiensis as a model for endospore adhesion and its potential to investigate adhesins in Pasteuria penetrans

© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for Applied Microbiology. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Aims: Phytonematodes are a constraint on crop production and have been controlled using nematicides; these are highly toxic and legislation in Europe and elsewhere is prohibiting their use and alternatives are being sought. Pasteuria penetrans is a hyperparasitic bacterium that form endospores and have potential to control root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), but their attachment to the nematode cuticle is host‐specific. Understanding host specificity has relied upon endospore inhibition bioassays using immunological and biochemical approaches. Phylogenetic analysis of survey sequences has shown P. penetrans to be closely related to Bacillus and to have a diverse range of collagen‐like fibres which we hypothesise to be involved in the endospore adhesion. However, due to the obligately hyperparasitic nature of Pasteuria species, identifying and characterizing these collagenous‐like proteins through gain of function has proved difficult and new approaches are required.  Methods and Results: Using antibodies raised to synthetic peptides based on Pasteuria collagen‐like genes we show similarities between P. penetrans and the more easily cultured bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and suggest it be used as a gain of function platform/model. Using immunological approaches similar proteins between P. penetrans and B. thuringiensis are identified and characterized, one >250 kDa and another ~72 kDa are glycosylated with N‐acetylglucosamine and both of which are digested if treated with collagenase. These treatments also affected endospore attachment and suggest these proteins are involved in adhesion of endospores to nematode cuticle.  Conclusion: There are conserved similarities in the collagen‐like proteins present on the surface of endospores of both P. penetrans and B. thuringiensis. Significance and Impact of Study: As B. thuringiensis is relatively easy to culture and can be transformed, it could be developed as a platform for studying the role of the collagen‐like adhesins from Pasteuria in endospore adhesion.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Schemer : a hierarchical software architecture for real time problem solving

This paper describes Schemer, a hierarchical software architecture for Real Time problem solving. Real time applications must be able to react to critical events quickly, and be able to explore simultaneous solutions in response to, or, in anticipation of such events. Schemer, which is a Blackboard-like architecture, addresses the aforementioned objectives by A. Allowing hierarchical and recurs partitioning of problem solving modules. B. Allowing interruption and activation at any depth in the hierarchy while still operating under the umbrella of hierarchical control. C. Providing a model for direct communication between modules, and D. Allowing multiple modules to be running simultaneously. This paper is organized as follows. First, in the Background section, extant architectures are explored. Then, the Schemer architecture is described in detail, followed by the discussion of an implementation and implementation issues for future research

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PECTIN BASED MATRIX FOR TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF MELOXICAM

Transdermal drug delivery system was developedusing meloxicam as a model drug. Meloxicam is anon steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug.The suitability of drug with respect to solubility,lower molecular weight and short half life makesthis drug as a suitable candidate for administrationby transdermal route. The polymer selected for thestudy is pectin. The polymer is non-toxic andbiodegradable in nature. In the presentinvestigation various concentration ratios ofpolymer were used for the fabrication of the matrixdiffusion controlled transdermal drug deliverysystem by solvent evaporation technique. Thesetransdermal drug delivery systems werecharacterized for their thickness, weight variation,folding endurance, swelling index, contentuniformity, compatibility, in-vitro release and skinirritation studies of the drug from the polymericmatrix. Meloxicam was found to be compatiblewith pectin as revealed by Fourier TransformInfrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies and showedsatisfactory physiochemical characteristics. In-vitrorelease studies were carried out with modifiedFranz diffusion cell using pH 7.4 phosphate bufferas receptor medium and it showed controlledrelease of drug. Thus the prepared transdermalfilms can be used to achieve controlled release andimproved bioavailability of meloxicam

Understanding nematode suppressive soils: molecular interactions between Pasteuria endospores and the nematode surface coat

K. G. Davies, A. Srivastava, K. Kumar, and S. Mohan, ‘Understanding nematode suppressive soils: molecular interactions between Pasteuria endospores and the nematode surface coat’, Aspects of Applied Biology 130, 4th Symposium of Potato Cyst Nematode Management (including other nematode parasites of potatoes), pp. 143-147, September 2015.The knowledge that the plant-parasitic nematode hyperparasite Pasteuria penetrans is important in nematode suppressive soils has long been recognised. The ability to mass produce this organism in vitro circumvents one of its major constraints. However, successful biological control can only be established if the strains that are deployed can attach to and infect pest nematodes. Currently, in respect to the Pasteuria that infects root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp), it is thought that collagen-like fibres on the surface of the endospore are interacting with a receptor on the nematode cuticle and that mucin-like molecules play an important role in modulating this process. Here we report that an antibody raised to whole endospores of P. penetrans also recognises extracts from endospores of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), suggesting that Bt can be used as a model for Pasteuria endospores. Bioinformatics shows that mucin-like genes identified in C. elegans are present in Globodera pallida.Final Accepted Versio

Quantification of phenolic compounds in Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth through HPTLC and validation of its antioxidant potential

The present study deals with quantification of phenolic compounds by a simple, rapid, sensitive and selective high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method and evaluation of its traditional claims. A chromatographic separation was performed by using a combination of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (70:30:10, v/v/v) as a mobile phase. A densitometric absorption mode has been used for the estimation of catechin and vanillic acid by comparing the peak area against the standard at wavelength 220 nm. The amount of catechin and vanillic acid was found to be 0.15% and 0.45% dry weight basis. The developed method was validated and found to be specific, linear, precise and accurate as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by five different models having variable mechanisms of action viz., total phenolic and flavonoid content, reducing power assay, DPPH assay, deoxyribose assay and total antioxidant potential. In vitro potential data reveals that the species has significant potential and may be used as an alternative plant in future for the treatment of diabetic condition. However, identified bioactive compounds (catechin and vanillic acid) may be used as a reference tool for proper recognition and confirmation of right plant material and monitoring of batch-to-batch consistency of finished herbal products using Leucas mollissima as an ingredient

Quantification of phenolic compounds in Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth through HPTLC and validation of its antioxidant potential

694-699The present study deals with quantification of phenolic compounds by a simple, rapid, sensitive and selective high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method and evaluation of its traditional claims. A chromatographic separation was performed by using a combination of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (70:30:10, v/v/v) as a mobile phase. A densitometric absorption mode has been used for the estimation of catechin and vanillic acid by comparing the peak area against the standard at wavelength 220 nm. The amount of catechin and vanillic acid was found to be 0.15% and 0.45% dry weight basis. The developed method was validated and found to be specific, linear, precise and accurate as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by five different models having variable mechanisms of action viz., total phenolic and flavonoid content, reducing power assay, DPPH assay, deoxyribose assay and total antioxidant potential. In vitro potential data reveals that the species has significant potential and may be used as an alternative plant in future for the treatment of diabetic condition. However, identified bioactive compounds (catechin and vanillic acid) may be used as a reference tool for proper recognition and confirmation of right plant material and monitoring of batch-to-batch consistency of finished herbal products using Leucas mollissima as an ingredient

Hybrid Taguchi-GRA-CRITIC Optimization Method for Multi-Response Optimization of Micro-EDM Drilling Process Parameters

In this study, an attempt is made to investigate how the operational parameters such as capacitance, voltage, feed rate, and rotating speed affect the material removal rate, tool wear, overcut, and taper angle for micro-EDM drilling of aluminium 6061 utilizing brass C360 electrode. A novel Taguchi-GRA-CRITIC hybrid optimization methodology is used to obtain the optimal combination of micro-EDM drilling process parameters. The experiment was designed using the Taguchi L18 orthogonal array, and responses were recorded for each experiment. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is applied to improve the multi-response of the planned experiment. The weighting values corresponding to various responses are determined using CRITIC (criterion importance through intercriteria correlation) analysis. The hybrid methodology determines the best combination of process parameters for different responses. ANOVA was used to discover the most critical parameters. Finally, confirmation experiments were conducted with optimal parameters to identify improvement in grey relational grade over the initial parameters. The study\u27s findings indicate that, compared to the initial process parameter setting, the grey relational grade (GRG) increased by 92.36% with the optimal parameter setting

Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Indian Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects

Ayurveda is an age old system of medicine which utilizes thousands of medicinal plants, rich in secondary metabolites for their therapeutic benefits and phenolic compounds are important one. Plant phenolic compounds are one of the major group of phytomolecules having tremendous therapeutic and nutraceutical potential. Indian medicinal plants like Emblica, Terminalia spp., Withania, Tinospora etc. are some of the potential source of bioactive phenolics and had been used from ages in various Ayurvedic formulations and were scientifically validated too. In this contribution, a brief account of some common Indian medicinal plants rich in bioactive phenolics are summarized along with their therapeutic action on human health and disease. The vast array of phenolics in these plants makes them a suitable candidate for modern medicine, nutraceutical supplements, immuno-modulatory formulations etc. With the advent of modern separation tools and techniques, it is now possible to identify, isolate and purify desired phytoconstituents from plant extracts. This further opens the avenues of utilizing medicinal plants or plant constituents/metabolites as super food for strengthening the body and maintaining the healthy work-life balance. The need of the hour is to identify therapeutically potential phenolics rich plants and development of herbal formulations for human welfare

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CRINUM LATIFOLIUM L.

Objective: Pharmacognostical study along with the development of a quantitative HPTLC method for Crinum latifolium and evaluation of its traditional claims. Methods: Quantification of three marker compounds oleanolic acid, linoleic acid, and lupeol was done through HPTLC. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by six different models, namely total phenolic and total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing power, antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. In vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase inhibition assay based on starch iodine and DNS method. Results: The content of oleanolic acid, linoleic acid, and lupeol were found to be higher in aerial parts like 0.015%, 0.048%, and 0.028% respectively, while in root extract 0.006%, 0.027% and 0.025% respectively on a dry weight basis. Free radical scavenging activity was done by DPPH assay, showing the IC50 value of 410±1.105 µg/ml in roots and 441.95±1.788 in aerial parts. In vitro antidiabetic potential of both the parts were assessed by starch iodine color assay and DNS method of alpha-amylase inhibition model. In 3,5 DNS assay, IC50 of extract from aerial parts was 282.21±2.151µg/ml whereas in root extract it was 193.33±2.45µg/ml. Iodine-starch assay of C. latifolium (aerial part) shown the IC50 value of 340.81±0.49 µg/ml and C. latifolium (root) of 74.64±1.28 µg/ml. Conclusion: The results indicate that the aerial parts of the plant possess more antidiabetic potential in comparison to the root. Thus, the aerial part can be used to get better results as a drug and roots can be used as an alternative