Synthesis and characterization of 5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3h)thione derivatives

1,3,4-oxadiazoles represent a class of heterocyclic five membered compounds it contain two nitrogen and one oxygen of great importance in Pharmaceutical chemistry. This nucleus show four isomeric forms 1,2,4-oxadiazole,1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,2,3-oxadiazole. This nucleus has various biological activity such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, antidepressant, anticancer, analgesic etc.  have been reported. A series of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles-2(3H)thione derivative has been synthesized in four steps and the derivative were characterized by FTIR spectral analysis. This article explain the different biological activities associated with 1,3,4-oxadiazole five membered ring are useful for researchers across the world working on this nucleus

Class(es) of Factor-Type Estimator(s) in Presence of Measurement Error

When data is collected via sample survey it is assumed whatever is reported by a respondent is correct. However, given the issues of prestige bias, personal respect and honor, respondents’ self-reported data often produces over- or under- estimated values as opposed to true values regarding the variables under question. This causes measurement error to be present in sample values. This article considers the factortype estimator as an estimation tool and examines its performance under a measurement error model. Expressions of optimization are derived and theoretical results are supported by numerical examples

Development, standardization of polyherbal formulation of analgesic ointment of plant Carum copticum, Mentha piperita, Cedrus deodara

Ayurveda is one of the world’s oldest systems of medicine. It originated in India and has evolved there over thousands of years. The term “Ayurveda” combines then Sanskrit words ayur (life) andVeda (science or knowledge). Ayurveda means “the science of life. Medicinal plants and herbal drugs have played a key role in world health. According to world health organization (WHO), about 80% of the world population currently utilizes the herbal drugs. People are using herbal medicines from centuries for safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability, non-toxic, lesser side effects and easily available at affordable prices. In recent times, there has been a move in universal trend from synthetic to herbal medicine due to side effects of synthetic products. Herbal products may contain a single herb or combinations of several different herbs believed to have complementary and /synergistic effects. Some herbal products, including many traditional medicine formulations, also include animal products and minerals. Herbal products are sold as either raw plants or extracts of portions of the plant or in the form formulation i.e. tablet, capsule, syrup, cream and ointment etc. The different parts of plants with analgesic were taken up for the present study and investigated for the phytochemical screening and used for the formulation of analgesic ointment. Present study deals with formulation, Standardization, evaluation of ointment made from alcoholic extract and essential oil of different plants

Comparison of membrane proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and H37Ra strains

Background: The potential causes for variation in virulence between distinct M. tuberculosis strains are still not fully known. However, differences in protein expression are probably an important factor. In this study we used a labelfree quantitative proteomic approach to estimate differences in protein abundance between two closely related M. tuberculosis strains; the virulent H37Rv strain and its attenuated counterpart H37Ra. Results: We were able to identify more than 1700 proteins from both strains. As expected, the majority of the identified proteins had similar relative abundance in the two strains. However, 29 membrane-associated proteins were observed with a 5 or more fold difference in their relative abundance in one strain compared to the other. Of note, 19 membrane- and lipo-proteins had higher abundance in H37Rv, while another 10 proteins had a higher abundance in H37Ra. Interestingly, the possible protein-export membrane protein SecF (Rv2586c), and three ABCtransporter proteins (Rv0933, Rv1273c and Rv1819c) were among the more abundant proteins in M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Conclusion: Our data suggests that the bacterial secretion system and the transmembrane transport system may be important determinants of the ability of distinct M. tuberculosis strains to cause disease

Definition of novel cell envelope associated proteins in Triton X-114 extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Membrane- and membrane-associated proteins are important for the pathogenicity of bacteria. We have analysed the content of these proteins in virulent <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </it>H37Rv using Triton X-114 detergent-phase separation for extraction of lipophilic proteins, followed by their identification with high resolution mass spectrometry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In total, 1417 different proteins were identified. <it>In silico </it>analysis of the identified proteins revealed that 248 proteins had at least one predicted trans-membrane region. Also, 64 of the identified proteins were predicted lipoproteins, and 54 proteins were predicted as outer membrane proteins. Three-hundred-and-ninety-five of the observed proteins, including 91 integral membrane proteins were described for the first time. Comparison of abundance levels of the identified proteins was performed using the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) which takes into account the number of the observable peptides to the number of experimentally observed peptide ions for a given protein. The outcome showed that among the membrane-and membrane-associated proteins several proteins are present with high relative abundance. Further, a close examination of the lipoprotein LpqG (Rv3623) which is only detected in the membrane fractions of <it>M. tuberculosis </it>but not in <it>M. bovis</it>, revealed that the homologous gene in <it>M. bovis </it>lack the signal peptide and lipobox motif, suggesting impaired export to the membrane.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Altogether, we have identified a substantial proportion of membrane- and membrane-associated proteins of <it>M. tuberculosis </it>H37Rv, compared the relative abundance of the identified proteins and also revealed subtle differences between the different members of the <it>M. tuberculosis </it>complex.</p

Counting Mycobacteria in Infected Human Cells and Mouse Tissue: A Comparison between qPCR and CFU

Due to the slow growth rate and pathogenicity of mycobacteria, enumeration by traditional reference methods like colony counting is notoriously time-consuming, inconvenient and biohazardous. Thus, novel methods that rapidly and reliably quantify mycobacteria are warranted in experimental models to facilitate basic research, development of vaccines and anti-mycobacterial drugs. In this study we have developed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for simultaneous quantification of mycobacterial and host DNA in infected human macrophage cultures and in mouse tissues. The qPCR method cannot discriminate live from dead bacteria and found a 10- to 100-fold excess of mycobacterial genomes, relative to colony formation. However, good linear correlations were observed between viable colony counts and qPCR results from infected macrophage cultures (Pearson correlation coefficient [r] for M. tuberculosis = 0.82; M. a. avium = 0.95; M. a. paratuberculosis = 0.91). Regression models that predict colony counts from qPCR data in infected macrophages were validated empirically and showed a high degree of agreement with observed counts. Similar correlation results were also obtained in liver and spleen homogenates of M. a. avium infected mice, although the correlations were distinct for the early phase (<day 9 post-infection) and later phase (≥day 20 post-infection) liver r = 0.94 and r = 0.91; spleen r = 0.91 and r = 0.87, respectively. Interestingly, in the mouse model the number of live bacteria as determined by colony counts constituted a much higher proportion of the total genomic qPCR count in the early phase (geometric mean ratio of 0.37 and 0.34 in spleen and liver, respectively), as compared to later phase of infection (geometric mean ratio of 0.01 in both spleen and liver). Overall, qPCR methods offer advantages in biosafety, time-saving, assay range and reproducibility compared to colony counting. Additionally, the duplex format allows enumeration of bacteria per host cell, an advantage in experiments where variable cell death can give misleading colony counts

Systems analysis of the process of implementing an innovation.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. Thesis. 1968. M.S.MICROFICHE COPY ALSO AVAILABLE IN DEWEY LIBRARY.Bibliography: leaves 116-117.M.S

Chemical Investigation of Seeds of Wild Plant &apos;Citrullus colocynthis&apos; of Chhattisgarh State for Exploring Medicinal and Nutritional Potential

Citrullus colocynthis (Indrayan) is the plant which seems to grow well in subtropical climates and can stand brief frosts, is probably tolerant of some drought and has many medicinal properties. The proper scientific phytochemical investigation of seeds of Citrullus colocynthis was carried out for estimating and determining various Micronutrients contents, Fatty Acids and Amino Acids present in the seeds along with the proximate and ultimate analysis for determining various other concerned physicochemical properties of the seeds. More than 95% of organic matter contents in the seeds under examination indicated high nutritional quality of the seeds. Proteins were found to be 30.18% in the seeds of Citrullus colocynthis .The seeds under investigation were found to be rich in essential amino acids. All the essential amino acids, Leucin (15.0 g / 100g protein), Phenyl alanine (5.1 g /100g protein), Lysine (4.0 g /100g protein), Isoleusine (7.7 g /100g protein), Threonine (2.2 g /100g protein), Methionine (1.9 g /100g protein), Valine (8.6 g /100g protein), Histidine (2.5 g /100g protein) were found to be present in the seeds of Citrullus colocynthis. Various non-essential amino acids viz. Aspartic Acid, Serine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Arginine, Alanine, Proline and Tyrosine were also found to be present in the seeds in varying amounts

Estimation of Population Mean Using Two Auxiliary Sources in Sample Surveys

This paper proposes families for estimation of population mean of the main variable under study using the information on two different auxiliary variables under simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) scheme. Three different classes of estimators are constructed, examined with a complete study with other existing estimators. The expression for bias and mean squared error of the proposed families are obtained up to first order of approximation. Usual ratio estimator, product estimator, dual to ratio estimator, ratio-cum-product type estimator and many more estimators are identified as particular members of the suggested family. Expressions of optimization are derived and theoretical results are supported by numerical examples