Incompressible SPH method based on Rankine source solution for violent water wave simulation

With wide applications, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method (abbreviated as SPH) has become an important numerical tool for solving complex flows, in particular those with a rapidly moving free surface. For such problems, the incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) has been shown to yield better and more stable pressure time histories than the traditional SPH by many papers in literature. However, the existing ISPH method directly approximates the second order derivatives of the functions to be solved by using the Poisson equation. The order of accuracy of the method becomes low, especially when particles are distributed in a disorderly manner, which generally happens for modelling violent water waves. This paper introduces a new formulation using the Rankine source solution. In the new approach to the ISPH, the Poisson equation is first transformed into another form that does not include any derivative of the functions to be solved, and as a result, does not need to numerically approximate derivatives. The advantage of the new approach without need of numerical approximation of derivatives is obvious, potentially leading to a more robust numerical method. The newly formulated method is tested by simulating various water waves, and its convergent behaviours are numerically studied in this paper. Its results are compared with experimental data in some cases and reasonably good agreement is achieved. More importantly, numerical results clearly show that the newly developed method does need less number of particles and so less computational costs to achieve the similar level of accuracy, or to produce more accurate results with the same number of particles compared with the traditional SPH and existing ISPH when it is applied to modelling water waves

Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence reveals mechanisms for habitat niche separation of the intertidal seagrasses Thalassia hemprichii and Halodule uninervis

In Taiwan, Thalassia hemprichii dominates the upper intertidal zone, whereas Halodule uninervis occupies the lower intertidal zone. We tested the hypothesis that T. hemprichii is better adapted to high irradiance and more resistant to air exposure than H. uninervis. The photosynthetic efficiency, damage, and extent of recovery were determined by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence using pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry. Both species growing in tidal pools, in response to high irradiance alone, revealed a small depression in maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) at noon. The second experiment compared the effect of air exposure alone and the combined effect of air exposure with high irradiance by interposing a shading screen on both species, growing in the intertidal zone over a diurnal cycle. Values of Fv/Fm of both the shaded and irradiated T. hemprichii remained high at low tide. However, H. uninervis exhibited a marked depression following air exposure and a synergistic depression under the combined effect. The experimental manipulations of exposure time demonstrated that the tolerance of T. hemprichii to the combined effect was longer and the recovery from air exposure following re-submersion was better than those of H. uninervis. Both species were more susceptible to the combined effect in the dry season than in the wet season. Our results suggest that air exposure is more important than high irradiance in constraining the distribution of H. uninervis in the upper intertidal zone. This was confirmed by transplantation experiments in which a rapid decline of H. uninervis was observed after transplantation into the upper intertidal zone. In the lower intertidal zone, measurements of the response of the photosynthetic electron transport rate to irradiance demonstrated that the transplanted T. hemprichii exhibited a sun-type response and H. uninervis a shade-type response

A Unit of Information-Based Content Adaptation Method for Improving Web Content Accessibility in the Mobile Internet

Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valle

Species diversity of Lachnum (Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae) from temperate China

Twenty-three temperate China species of Lachnum, Lachnum abnorme, L. angustum, L. brevipilosum, L. calosporum, L. calyculiforme, L. carneolum, L. ciliare, L. controversum, L. flavidulum, L. cf. fushanese, L. indicum, L. kumaonicum, L. lushanese, L. minutum, L. montanum, L. cf. pteridophyllum, L. pygmaeum, L. sclerotii var. sclerotii, L. sclerotii var. sichuanense, L. subpygmeaum, L. tenuissimum, L. virgineum and L. willisii are reported, whose main characteristics are given in a formula of the described species, some of which are discussed below