The Power of Large Language Models for Wireless Communication System Development: A Case Study on FPGA Platforms

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention across various research disciplines, including the wireless communication community. There have been several heated discussions on the intersection of LLMs and wireless technologies. While recent studies have demonstrated the ability of LLMs to generate hardware description language (HDL) code for simple computation tasks, developing wireless prototypes and products via HDL poses far greater challenges because of the more complex computation tasks involved. In this paper, we aim to address this challenge by investigating the role of LLMs in FPGA-based hardware development for advanced wireless signal processing. We begin by exploring LLM-assisted code refactoring, reuse, and validation, using an open-source software-defined radio (SDR) project as a case study. Through the case study, we find that an LLM assistant can potentially yield substantial productivity gains for researchers and developers. We then examine the feasibility of using LLMs to generate HDL code for advanced wireless signal processing, using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm as an example. This task presents two unique challenges: the scheduling of subtasks within the overall task and the multi-step thinking required to solve certain arithmetic problem within the task. To address these challenges, we employ in-context learning (ICL) and Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting techniques, culminating in the successful generation of a 64-point Verilog FFT module. Our results demonstrate the potential of LLMs for generalization and imitation, affirming their usefulness in writing HDL code for wireless communication systems. Overall, this work contributes to understanding the role of LLMs in wireless communication and motivates further exploration of their capabilities

Vertical One-dimensional (1-D) Simulations of Horizontal Velocity Profiles

Details of a vertical 1-D hydrodynamic model to simulate the horizontal velocity profiles for tidal estuarial flows with possible stratifications caused by salinity or Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) are presented. The standard 2nd order k-ε model was implemented to address the turbulent flow with possible stratification effects. Simulation results are verified with two field measurements for steady nonstratified flows and a field measurement for tidal estuary non-stratified flow. The stratification effect of salinity and suspended sediment concentration are also checked with the following descriptions: “Salinity stratification will change the typical logarithmic velocity profile to a linear profile for most of the water column. It appears that the possible high gradient of near-bottom (less than 0.5 m) SSC when the nearbed SSC is high only significantly alter the velocity profile when the turbulence is weak. The source codes, in FORTRAN 90, samples of the ASCII input data files, and a post process codes for plotting results using Matlab are attached for future uses

A Comprehensive Empirical Study of Bugs in Open-Source Federated Learning Frameworks

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning (ML) paradigm, allowing multiple clients to collaboratively train shared machine learning (ML) models without exposing clients' data privacy. It has gained substantial popularity in recent years, especially since the enforcement of data protection laws and regulations in many countries. To foster the application of FL, a variety of FL frameworks have been proposed, allowing non-experts to easily train ML models. As a result, understanding bugs in FL frameworks is critical for facilitating the development of better FL frameworks and potentially encouraging the development of bug detection, localization and repair tools. Thus, we conduct the first empirical study to comprehensively collect, taxonomize, and characterize bugs in FL frameworks. Specifically, we manually collect and classify 1,119 bugs from all the 676 closed issues and 514 merged pull requests in 17 popular and representative open-source FL frameworks on GitHub. We propose a classification of those bugs into 12 bug symptoms, 12 root causes, and 18 fix patterns. We also study their correlations and distributions on 23 functionalities. We identify nine major findings from our study, discuss their implications and future research directions based on our findings

Early and late rice identification from Tiangong- 2 wide band images based on CNN

The wide band images acquired from the Tiangong-2 space laboratory covers many spectral bands such as visible light, shortwave infrared and thermal infrared. These high-quality images can be used for space science experiments such as earth observation. In this paper, we use CNN (convolutional neural networks) to extract the spectral features of different landcover from the wide band images, then identify the early rice and the late rice accurately in Huarong County, Hunan Province, China. With advanced techniques such as deep learning, the spatial distribution information of crops can be effectively obtained from the wide band images which can provide data services for agricultural production management

Calcium channel blocker and risk of postoperation lymphatic-related complications among gynecologic malignances

PurposeThis study was performed to assess the association of calcium channel blockers (CCB) and other potential factors with postoperative lymphatic-related morbidity in patients with cervical cancer and endometrial carcinoma.MethodsPatients diagnosed with cervical cancer or endometrial carcinoma with pelvic lymphadenectomy between January 2017 and January 2022 were enrolled. Postoperative lymphatic-related morbidity was evaluated by calculating the lymph cyst occurrence within 3 months after surgery and the duration of pelvic drainage. Univariate analyses evaluating the risk factors for lymphatic-related morbidity were performed.ResultsOf a total of 251 patients, 52 patients were diagnosed with lymphatic cysts by B-ultrasound or computed tomography, and the duration of drainage from 110 patients exceeded the average number of days. Univariable analysis revealed that hypertension, CCB, and lymph node metastasis were independent predictors of postoperative complications.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that CCB may be a factor associated with the incidence of postoperation lymph cysts, and CCB usage prolongs the duration of pelvic drainage

Ou: Automating the Parallelization of Zero-Knowledge Protocols

A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is a powerful cryptographic primitive used in many decentralized or privacy-focused applications. However, the high overhead of ZKPs can restrict their practical applicability. We design a programming language, Ou, aimed at easing the programmer\u27s burden when writing efficient ZKPs, and a compiler framework, Lian, that automates the analysis and distribution of statements to a computing cluster. Lian uses programming language semantics, formal methods, and combinatorial optimization to automatically partition an Ou program into efficiently sized chunks for parallel ZK-proving and/or verification. We contribute: • A front-end language where users can write proof statements as imperative programs in a familiar syntax; • A compiler architecture and implementation that automatically analyzes the program and compiles it into an optimized IR that can be lifted to a variety of ZKP constructions; and • A cutting algorithm, based on Pseudo-Boolean optimization and Integer Linear Programming, that reorders instructions and then partitions the program into efficiently sized chunks for parallel evaluation and efficient state reconciliation

Coordinated economic dispatch of the primary and secondary heating systems considering the boiler’s supplemental heating

District heating systems have been widely used in large and medium-sized cities. Typical district heating systems consist of the primary heating system (PHS) and the secondary heating system (SHS) operating in isolation. However, the isolated dispatch of the PHS and the SHS has poor adjustability and large losses, resulting in unnecessary operation costs. To address these issues, a coordinated economic dispatching model (CEDM) for the primary and secondary heating systems considering the boiler’s supplemental heating is proposed in this study, which characterized the physical properties of the PHS and the SHS in detail. Considering that the PHS and the SHS are controlled separately without central operators in practice, it is difficult to dispatch them in a centralized method. Thus, the master-slave splitting algorithm is innovatively introduced to solve the CEDM in a decentralized way. Finally, a P6S12 system is utilized to analyze and verify the effectiveness and optimality of the proposed algorithm

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Comparisons of Different Instruments for Measuring Suspended Cohesive Sediment Concentrations

Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the performances of four different instruments for measuring suspended cohesive sediment concentrations (SSCs). Among these instruments, two were different models of optical backscatter sensor (i.e., OBS3+ and OBS5+), one was an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (MicroADV), and the last was a laser infrared optical sensor developed at Hohai University, China (HHU-LIOS). Sediments collected from the Yangtze River Estuary and a commercially available kaolinite were selected to check the responses of these four instruments. They were placed in an aqueous solution, and the SSCs were changed within a range from about 10 mg/L to 30 g/L to demonstrate the effective measuring ranges for each instrument. For the kaolinite suspension, the results showed that the HHU-LIOS has a much larger linear response range (0.1 to 13 g/L) when compared with other devices (the MicroADV: 0.1 to 1.35 g/L; the OBS3+: 0.1 to 5 g/L; and the OBS5+: 0.1 to 1 g/L). For the sediment sample from the Yangtze River Estuary, the results showed that the HHU-LIOS has a much wider usable range (from 0.1 to 25 g/L), compared with those for the others. It also showed that a combination of using a HHU-LIOS for the quadratic increasing range up to 25 g/L and the OBS5+ for the clear decreasing output are able to measure the SSCs of the estuarine mud up to 50 g/L