Underpowered samples, false negatives, and unconscious learning

The scientific community has witnessed growing concern about the high rate of false positives and unreliable results within the psychological literature, but the harmful impact of false negatives has been largely ignored. False negatives are particularly concerning in research areas where demonstrating the absence of an effect is crucial, such as studies of unconscious or implicit processing. Research on implicit processes seeks evidence of above-chance performance on some implicit behavioral measure at the same time as chance-level performance (that is, a null result) on an explicit measure of awareness. A systematic review of 73 studies of contextual cuing, a popular implicit learning paradigm, involving 181 statistical analyses of awareness tests, reveals how underpowered studies can lead to failure to reject a false null hypothesis. Among the studies that reported sufficient information, the meta-analytic effect size across awareness tests was d z = 0.31 (95 % CI 0.24–0.37), showing that participants’ learning in these experiments was conscious. The unusually large number of positive results in this literature cannot be explained by selective publication. Instead, our analyses demonstrate that these tests are typically insensitive and underpowered to detect medium to small, but true, effects in awareness tests. These findings challenge a widespread and theoretically important claim about the extent of unconscious human cognition

The Life and Thought of John McLeod Campbell

The aim of this work is an attempt to consider in detail the life and thought of John McLeod Campbell and, in particular, his teaching upon the nature of the atonement. As an introduction to our study, we outline certain elements in Campbell's youth and especially in the early years of his ministry at Row which were formative in his later development. His relationship with his father, made more intimate by the premature death of his mother, was a determining factor in his life as was the spirit of independence and zealous resolution which characterised his work at Row. Part One deals with Campbell's life beginning with the proceedings against him in the courts of the Church, In less than three years, Ms youthful vigour and the concerted attempt to break down the barriers of pride and self-delusion among his people had evinced opposition which eventually came to the notice of the Presbytery. The celebrated libel and deposition followed in due course and Campbell was ejected from the Church of Scotland to pursue his search after truth independent of the fellowship and concern of his brethren inside the Church. Yet the loneliness of deposition did not embitter him. Campbell spent his life preaching and ministering wherever he was given opportunity and we find the outcome of his learning and experience in his book, The Nature of the Atonement. Bart Two consists of a detailed study of Campbell's teaching as set forth in his trials of 1830 and 1831. He was accused of holding three particular doctrines which were declared contrary to the teaching of the Bible, the Westminster Confession of Faith and the General Assembly Act of 1720; namely, the doctrines of universal atonement and universal pardon, and the doctrine that assurance is of the essence of faith and necessary to salvation. His own evidence as well as that presented by the churchmen who opposed him is here studied and compared. In Part Three, we consider an analysis of Campbell's developed thought as set down in The Nature of the Atonement, and this later teaching is finally compared with the earlier. In our concluding chapter, we find that four principal features of Campbell's thought emerge for our consideration, (1) The Fatherhood of God demands that the Father's love for all mankind act in accordance with the whole character of God. (2) The doctrine of the incarnation is the source of our thought concerning man's salvation, out of which springs the doctrine of atonement. (3) The Westminster Confession of Faith, although an important and informative document, valuable to our understanding of the faith, ought not to be used as a proof of heresy and orthodoxy in matters pertaining to Christian doctrine, (4) While insisting ultimately that the atonement has an objective aspect, this must be coupled with an individual's subjective acceptance of it as a power working in him. After stating these features in summary, they are further considered and discussed by comparison with the thought of two outstanding theologians of the Church of Scotland, namely, James Denney and Donald Baillie. Finally, looking at the church to-day, we attempt to comment upon Campbell's thought and these four features in particular as they are relevant and important for us. Our aim throughout has been to walk with John McLeod Campbell, to study the formative events in his early life and the gifts which he gave to the world, and to discern in modern theology and in our present situation the many ways in which we are indebted to this devoted servant of God

Sum of Two Squares - Pair Correlation and Distribution in Short Intervals

In this work we show that based on a conjecture for the pair correlation of integers representable as sums of two squares, which was first suggested by Connors and Keating and reformulated here, the second moment of the distribution of the number of representable integers in short intervals is consistent with a Poissonian distribution, where "short" means of length comparable to the mean spacing between sums of two squares. In addition we present a method for producing such conjectures through calculations in prime power residue rings and describe how these conjectures, as well as the above stated result, may by generalized to other binary quadratic forms. While producing these pair correlation conjectures we arrive at a surprising result regarding Mertens' formula for primes in arithmetic progressions, and in order to test the validity of the conjectures, we present numericalz computations which support our approach.Comment: 3 figure

Noise measurements for a twin-engine commercial jet aircraft during 3 deg approaches and level flyovers

Noise measurements have been made with a twin-engine commercial jet aircraft making 3 deg approaches and level flyovers. The flight-test data showed that, in the standard 3 deg approach configuration with 40 deg flaps, effective perceived noise level (EPNL) had a value of 109.5 effective perceived noise decibels (EPNdB). This result was in agreement with unpublished data obtained with the same type of aircraft during noise certification tests; the 3 deg approaches made with 30 deg flaps and slightly reduced thrust reduced the EPNL value by 1 EPNdB. Extended center-line noise determined during the 3 deg approaches with 40 deg flaps showed that the maximum reference A-weighted sound pressure level (LA,max)ref varied from 100.0 A-weighted decibels 2.01 km (108 n. mi.) from the threshold to 87.4 db(A) at 6.12 km (3.30 n. mi.) from the threshold. These test values were about 3 db(A) higher than estimates used for comparison. The test data along the extended center line during approaches with 30 deg flaps were 1 db(A) lower than those for approaches with 40 deg flaps. Flight-test data correlating (LA,max)ref with thrust at altitudes of 122 m (400 ft) and 610 m (2000 ft) were in agreement with reference data used for comparison

Review of \u3ci\u3eCanada\u27s Indigenous Constitution\u3c/i\u3e. By John Borrows.

This text\u27s major thesis, that Canada cannot presently, historically, legally, or morally claim to be built upon European-derived law alone, has been mentioned before. Yet in those earlier musings by Borrows and others, such a statement has never been documented so well as it is here. Borrows contemplates that others, besides those sympathetic with Indigenous perspectives, might just admit such a thesis is the case. Moreover, they might also support the creation of social and economic policies that demonstrate such a belief. But observing it in Canada\u27s current legal system-really? Keenly aware of skeptics, Borrows has thought as much about his method as his content. As a result, he trumps other authors by using the proverbial master\u27s tools to take down the master\u27s house, revealing to us that the Canadian legal system is, first and foremost, imbued with Indigenous law. The problem, he simultaneously details, is that too many people do not interpret it as such

A cost comparison of traditional drainage and SUDS in Scotland

The Dunfermline Eastern Expansion (DEX) is a 350 ha mixed development which commenced in 1996. Downstream water quality and flooding issues necessitated a holistic approach to drainage planning and the site has become a European showcase for the application of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). However, there is minimal data available regarding the real costs of operating and maintaining SUDS to ensure they continue to perform as per their design function. This remains one of the primary barriers to the uptake and adoption of SUDS. This paper reports on what is understood to be the only study in the UK where actual costs of constructing and maintaining SUDS have been compared to an equivalent traditional drainage solution. To compare SUDS costs with traditional drainage, capital and maintenance costs of underground storage chambers of analogous storage volumes were estimated. A whole life costing methodology was then applied to data gathered. The main objective was to produce a reliable and robust cost comparison between SUDS and traditional drainage. The cost analysis is supportive of SUDS and indicates that well designed and maintained SUDS are more cost effective to construct, and cost less to maintain than traditional drainage solutions which are unable to meet the environmental requirements of current legislation

A Story of Marguerite: A Tale about Panis, Case Comment, and Social History

Those interested in social history contend that social norms deserve attention due to how they impact and are affected by historical events. This subfield has contributed significantly to how larger historical mosaics are understood, and how themes specific to marginalized groups are appreciated today. By presenting the story of enslaved Indigenous woman in New France who was the first Indigenous civil litigant in Canadian history, and focusing on her representation in the colonial legal system, a number of themes emerge. Canada’s history of slavery becomes better understood, and in so doing, a challenge to social historians is presented. By examining the legal procedure applied to an Indigenous litigant’s circumstances, and then dissecting the events that followed, the strength of social norms during her time is appreciated more fully. Integrating an era’s legal doctrine into historical analysis augments the social historian’s search for society influence on the individual in history

A Story of Marguerite: A Tale about Panis, Case Comment, and Social History

Those interested in social history contend that social norms deserve attention due to how they impact and are affected by historical events. This subfield has contributed significantly to how larger historical mosaics are understood, and how themes specific to marginalized groups are appreciated today. By presenting the story of enslaved Indigenous woman in New France who was the first Indigenous civil litigant in Canadian history, and focusing on her representation in the colonial legal system, a number of themes emerge. Canada’s history of slavery becomes better understood, and in so doing, a challenge to social historians is presented. By examining the legal procedure applied to an Indigenous litigant’s circumstances, and then dissecting the events that followed, the strength of social norms during her time is appreciated more fully. Integrating an era’s legal doctrine into historical analysis augments the social historian’s search for society influence on the individual in history

A Story of Marguerite: A Tale about Panis, Case Comment, and Social History

Those interested in social history contend that social norms deserve attention due to how they impact and are affected by historical events. This subfield has contributed significantly to how larger historical mosaics are understood, and how themes specific to marginalized groups are appreciated today. By presenting the story of enslaved Indigenous woman in New France who was the first Indigenous civil litigant in Canadian history, and focusing on her representation in the colonial legal system, a number of themes emerge. Canada’s history of slavery becomes better understood, and in so doing, a challenge to social historians is presented. By examining the legal procedure applied to an Indigenous litigant’s circumstances, and then dissecting the events that followed, the strength of social norms during her time is appreciated more fully. Integrating an era’s legal doctrine into historical analysis augments the social historian’s search for society influence on the individual in history