The Contribution of Andalusia Muslim Sages in the Advancement of Experimental Sciences with an Emphasis on Pharmaceutical Science

One of the essential topics in the history of science is to investigate the position and capabilities of Muslim scientists in scientific innovations because paying attention to this issue will moderate the common extremist ideas and propaganda toward Muslims. The current study is a review study with a descriptive-analytical design. In this research, the authors investigated how Andalusian Muslim scholars invented medications and their role in promoting the pharmaceutical science has been discussed by examining the books and articles related to the history of Islamic medicine. Among the important issues in recognizing the Muslims’ scientific heritage, especially the history of pharmaceutical science, is the research and testing methods. In this way, important results can be achieved, including a) Introducing the progress of eastern experimental sciences and Islamic civilization, b) The complementary role of science and religion in the islamic rulers’ thoughts and beliefs. In this article, some of the most famous Andalusian pharmacists have been introduced, including Ibn Juljul, Abou Salt Andaloussi, Ahmad Ibn Mohammad Al-Ghafiqi, and Ibn Abi Usaybi'a. The East and Islamic civilization introduced pharmaceutical science to the West. In general, the positive and constructive effect of Islamic culture and civilization on the development of pharmaceuticals and medicine is an undeniable historical fact

Destructive effects of citric acid, lactic acid and acetic acid on primary enamel microhardness

Objective: This study aimed to assess the destructive effects of citric acid, lactic acid and acetic acid produced from the fermentation of foods on primary teeth enamel.Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 24 sound primary teeth. The teeth  were polished with a fine abrasive paper under running water. Tooth pieces measuring 3×4×3mm were cut out of the teeth and stored in 100% humidity until the experiment. The specimens were divided into 3 groups (n=8) and immersed in acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid, respectively. The enamel microhardness of specimens was measured by Vickers microhardness tester at baseline and 5 and 30min after immersion in the freshly prepared acid solutions.Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the effect of immersion time on microhardness was significant (p<0.001). Pairwise comparison among 0, 5 and 30 minutes time points using Bonferroni adjustment showed significant differences in microhardness at different time points (p<0.001). Evaluation of the effect of type of acid on microhardness revealed that the microhardness was not significantly different in the three groups of acids (p=0.915). Among the three understudy acids, only the reduction in microhardness from time 0 to 30 minutes was significantly different between lactic acid and acetic acid (p=0.042).Conclusion: Citric acid, lactic acid and acetic acid were all capable of demineralization and reduction of enamel microhardness. A significant difference existed in the demineralization potential of acids (the highest for lactic acid). However, this effect was more significant early after exposure

Evaluating The Association Between Serum Hsp27 Antibody and Hypertension in Patients without Underlying Cardiovascular Disease

Introduction: An association between heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) antigen with cardiovascular risk factors has been shown previously. Furthermore, higher levels of serum anti-HSP27 antibodies are also related to higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the current study, we looked at the relationship between serum Hsp27 antibodies and hypertension, as an important cardiovascular risk factor, in individuals without evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods: A sub-population of hypertensive patients (HTN+) without underlying CVD were recruited from the Mashhad stroke and atherosclerosis heart disease (MASHAD) study to assess the association between serum Hsp27 antibodies and hypertension; independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 1599 people were studied of whom 288 individuals had hypertension and 1311 were used as controls (HTN-).Results: Mean serum Hsp27 antibody titers were 0.20 (0.27) OD in the whole population sample and was not significantly different in the normotensive (HTN-) compared to HTN+ individuals with different degrees of hypertension.Conclusion: There were no significant associations between serum anti-Hsp27 concentrations and either the presence or severity of hypertension. Future studies are warranted to explore the association of anti-Hsp27 antibody and antigen levels and other cardiovascular risk factors

The relationship between stress and mothers communication patterns of educable mentally retarded children

Introduction: Birth of child with disability can put a lot of pressure on others, especially parents and eliminate all of the those dreams and fantasies about having a healthy child and cause problems in family relations and the development of destructive and negative emotions toward their child’s. The aim of this study was study the relationship between stress and communication patterns of mothers of educable mentally retarded children in schools for exceptional children of Hamadan City in 2015-16 curriculum year were done. Methods: In this descriptive- correlational study, all mothers of educable mentally retarded children in Hamadan City schools for exceptional children in the 2015-16 curriculum year that consisted of 53 females and 92 males were selected. Data collected by questionnaires: demographic questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) and Assessment Scale of mother-child relationship (MCRE) and analyzed by SPSS20. Results: The results of multiple correlation coefficient showed that stress has negative significance relationship with admission communication patterns (P=0/001), permissive (P=0/001) and rejection (P=0/001), but stress has no significance relationship with supportive patterns of communication. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained we can conclude having a disabled child creates to the extent stress for mothers that affected their patterns of communication by it, so it is suggested to maintain health and enhance quality of life of this mothers had implement some programs

Knowledge and Attitude in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Students toward AIDS: A Cross- Sectional Study from West of Iran

Introduction: Young people are the major group at risk of acquiring AIDS worldwide. It is one of the health problems in the world, in particular in developing countries. In this study, knowledge and attitude of Iranian students in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences toward HIV and AIDS was assessed.Methods: This investigation was a descriptive cross-sectional study. 509 students were selected from Hamadan University of Medical Sciences schools by sampling methods in 2014-2015. To collect data, the demographic and the international AIDS questionnaire was used. Data analysis was performed by the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test with SPSS-16 software.Results: It was found that the means and standard deviation of knowledge score and attitude towards AIDS in general were 53.86±6 and 20.21±3.29, respectively. The results showed that no significant difference was seen between gender and level of knowledge (P=0.391) and attitude about AIDS (P=0.104).The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between faculty and students knowledge (P=0.012). Also, the findings illustrated that there was no significant relationship between faculty (P=0.147) and level of education (P=0.289) and their attitude to AIDS sufferers.Conclusion: The overall rate of knowledge and attitude about HIV/AIDS among students in Hamadan University of Medical sciences was acceptable and good. It is proposed that information about AIDS/HIV issues as part of the course content plan for all students. Young people are most at risk of HIV, proper training is essential to raise young people knowledge.

Child exposure to domestic violence, substance dependence and suicide resilience in child laborers

Abstract Background Child laborers are often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. Child laborers are one of the most vulnerable groups in domestic violence. Domestic violence severely affects the physical and mental health, and consequently affects substance dependence and resilience to suicide of these children. Accordingly, it is essential to examine domestic violence, substance dependence, and suicidal ideation in working children. Objectives the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between exposure to domestic violence and substance dependence and suicide resilience on the other among child laborers in Iran. Methods This study employed cross-sectional research. 600 child laborers were selected via convenience and snow ball sampling from one rehabilitation and welfare center and three charity organization societies in the west of Iran, from January to August 2022. They completed questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and with using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and ANOVA, independent t-test and the multiple linear regression model with a backward strategy. Results Findings showed that exposure to domestic violence has a strong and direct correlation with substance dependence (r = 0.94, p < 0.001) and strong and indirect correlation with suicide resilience (r =- 0.91, p < 0.001). Also substance dependence has a strong and direct correlation with suicide resilience (r = -0.87, p < 0.001) in child laborers. Variables of substance dependence, suicide resilience, gender, guardian’s disease status, living status and age can predict 76.51% of the variance in domestic violence in these children. Conclusion Child laborers experience a lot of domestic violence, which severely affects their suicide resilience and substance dependence in them. Therefore, there is an urgent need for systematic support programs with content (teaching self-care behaviors, stress management, avoiding tense and violent environments) in order to support of these children and reduce domestic violence against them and subsequently reduce substance improve abuse resilience to suicide in these children

Aqueous Phase Synthesis of ZIF‑8 Membrane with Controllable Location on an Asymmetrically Porous Polymer Substrate

In this study, we have demonstrated a simple, scalable, and environmentally friendly route for controllable fabrication of continuous, well-intergrown ZIF-8 on a flexible polymer substrate via contra-diffusion method in conjunction with chemical vapor modification of the polymer surface. The combined chemical vapor modification and contra-diffusion method resulted in controlled formation of a thin, defect-free, and robust ZIF-8 layer on one side of the support in aqueous solution at room temperature. The ZIF-8 membrane exhibited propylene permeance of 1.50 × 10^–8 mol m^–2 s^–1 Pa⁻¹ and excellent selective permeation properties; after post heat-treatment, the membrane showed ideal selectivities of C₃H₆/C₃H₈ and H₂/C₃H₈ as high as 27.8 and 2259, respectively. The new synthesis approach holds promise for further development of the fabrication of high-quality polymer-supported ZIF membranes for practical separation applications

A heuristic method to schedule training programs for Small and Medium Enterprises

During the life period of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in incubators they need some training programs to acquire the required knowledge in order to survive and succeed in the business environment. This paper presents a heuristic method based on an optimization model to schedule these programs at the most suitable times. Based on the proposed heuristic, each training program is implemented in a suitable time by considering the SMEs’ requirements and some other logical constraints. The proposed heuristic is described in detail, and its implementation is demonstrated via a real-life numerical example. The numerical results of the heuristic are compared with other methods