The effect of music on pain perception in women scheduled for elective cesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To study the effect of music on pain perception in women scheduled for elective cesarean section (CS) Search Strategy: We used the following keywords (“music” or “music therapy” and any of the following: cesarean section OR cesarean delivery OR CS OR cesarean OR Caesarean OR "post-op*) Selection Criteria: We included all studies satisfying the following criteria: (1) Population: pregnant women scheduled for cesarean section. (2) Intervention: the addition of any type of music to routine care compared with routine care alone. (3) Study design: randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We excluded the following: (1) non-randomized trials, (2) in vitro and animal studies, (3) studies in languages other than English, and (4) studies whose data were unreliable for extraction and analysis. Data Collection and Analysis: Data extraction was independently performed using a standardized form. In case of discrepancies, a consensus was reached after the involvement of the senior investigator. Then, data were extracted from assessed articles and entered RevMan software for meta-analysis. Main Results: Pooled data significantly favored the music group over the non-music one in terms of pain and anxiety scores (p<0.001). Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not differ significantly between both groups. Conclusion: Music can be used during, before, and after cesarean section to reduce associated pain and anxiety

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Egypt’s future physicians towards antimicrobial resistance (KAP-AMR study): a multicenter cross-sectional study

International audienceAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat that causes over 700,000 deaths per year worldwide. The goal of the current multicenter, cross-sectional study was to identify the knowledge and practice gaps in antimicrobial stewardship among Egypt’s undergraduate medical students. Nine-hundred and sixty-three participants (375 male) from 25 medical schools responded to our self-administered questionnaire. Overall, the majority of students (96%) exhibited fair/satisfactory knowledge and attitude scores towards AMR. However, the most common misconceptions were that skipping one or two antimicrobial doses does not contribute to AMR (43%) and that antimicrobials are the drug of choice for the treatment of sore throat (38.8%). About 36% of the students thought that bacteria cause common cold and influenza. In terms of practices, about 62% of the students reported taking antibiotics when they have cough or sore throat and saving the remaining antibiotic for the next time. About 48% of the students reported that when they start feeling better, they stop the antibiotic course, and 41% stated that they often/sometimes discard the remaining leftover or share the leftover antibiotics with their friends. Interestingly, males had more frequently poorer levels of knowledge than females (p = 0.02). Moreover, students in the clinical science years (p < 0.001), living in urban areas (p= 0.02) or Cairo (p < 0.01) reported better practices than their counterparts. Educational programs about antimicrobial stewardship and the role of healthcareprofessionals in preventing AMR should be introduced early in medical curricula. Further, active educational techniques as clinical scenarios that simulate clinical settings and interactive learning workshops would be more efficient teaching methods