A performance review of novel adiposity indices for assessing insulin resistance in a pediatric Latino population

Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) percentile or BMI adjusted for age and sex is the most common anthropometric index to monitor and assess obesity in children. However, the ability of BMI to accurately predict insulin resistance (IR) in youth is debated. Determining the best method to noninvasively measure IR in the pediatric population is especially important due to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is more likely to develop in people with IR. Therefore, this study analyzed the performance of BMI against newer anthropometric indices in assessing IR in a pediatric Latino identifying sample. Methods: We studied 127 pediatric Latino participants from the Arizona Insulin Resistance (AIR) registry and performed linear regression analyses between various measures of IR and adiposity indices, including body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), body adiposity index (BAI), pediatric body adiposity index (pBAI), a body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), waist to height ratio (WtHR) and waist to hip ratio (WHR). Log transformations of each index adjusted for age and sex and IR were used for the linear regressions. Additionally, we generated receiver operating characteristics (ROC) from logistic regressions between HOMA-IR and HOMA2IR against the same indices. Results: Using the homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA2IR, the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI), fasting serum insulin, and FPG/FSI to measure IR, we showed that BMI adjusted for age and sex performs similarly to many of the newer indices in our sample. The correlation coefficients for pBAI [R2: 0.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.88–1.81, p < 0.001] and BMI [R2: 0.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.92–1.92, p < 0.001] were the highest for HOMA-IR. Similarly, pBAI [R2: 0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.88–1.72, p < 0.001] and BMI [R2: 0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.93–1.83, p < 0.001] were the highest for HOMA2IR. A similar trend was observed with QUICKI, FSI, and FPG/FSI. ABSI had the lowest R2 value for all measures of IR. Area under the curve (AUC) values for the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for HOMA-IR and HOMA2IR support these conclusions. Conclusions: BMI adjusted for age and sex, despite its usage and simplicity, still stacks up well against newer indices in our Latino sample. Testing these indices across larger samples is necessary to generalize these findings and translate performance to adults. 2022 McGraw, Kohler, Shaibi, Mandarino and Coletta.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Cardiometabolic Phenotypes in Hispanics: A Life Course Approach

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is vital for maintaining calcium and phosphate balance and regulating bone metabolism. Recent research has suggested that VDR also plays an essential role in metabolic diseases. Previous studies on non-Hispanic whites have shown that VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are associated with cardiometabolic phenotypes. However, the association between VDR SNPs and cardiometabolic traits in Hispanics remains unclear. This study investigated the association between VDR SNPs and cardiometabolic phenotypic data in self-reported Hispanics (n = 1610) from the Arizona Insulin Resistance registry and Sangre Por Salud Biobank. The study population was predominantly female (66.4%) with a mean age of 40 ± 14 years (n = 121 <18 years) and an average body mass index (BMI) of 29.8 ± 6.3 kg/m2. We performed a genotyping association analysis of VDR SNPs (Taq1-rs731236, Fok1-rs2228570 and Apa1-rs7975232) with cardiometabolic traits using linear regression models. The results showed that Taq1 and Apa1 were strongly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) in children (<18 years), while Fok1 was associated with measures of adiposity, including fat mass, waist circumference, and BMI. In age-stratified adult (≥18 years) models, Taq1 was strongly associated with hemoglobin A1c, while Apa1 was associated with BMI and fasting glucose. Fok1 had no significant associations in the adult models. In conclusion, the VDR SNPs were associated with several cardiometabolic phenotypes in this Hispanic sample, but the type and strength of the associations varied by age group. © 2023 by the authors.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Intervention for Mothers and Children at a Federally Qualified Healthcare Center

Background: Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) contribute to increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among both mothers and their offspring. Randomized trials demonstrated T2DM risk reduction in adults following lifestyle behavior change and modest weight loss; the evidence base for at-risk children remains limited. Purpose: Evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a T2DM prevention intervention for mother-child dyads delivered by Federally Qualified Health Center staff. Methods: A group randomized design tested the effects of a behavioral lifestyle intervention on T2DM risk factors in women with a history of GDM and their 8- to 12-year-old children. Mother-child dyads were recruited and randomized to intervention or wait-listed control conditions. Intervention participants completed the 13-week intervention; control participants received standard of care. Baseline and 13-week measures assessed program acceptability and feasibility, and explored effects on body weight, waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c, and lifestyle behaviors. Results: Forty-two dyads were randomized and 35 (83%) completed pre-/post-measurements. Participants and program leaders positively rated content and engagement. Nearly all strongly agreed that activities were enjoyable (97%), applicable (96%), useful (97%), and motivational (96%). Attendance averaged 65% across 2 cohorts; delivery costs were approximately $225/dyad. There were no significant differences in body weight, BMI (or BMI z-score), waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c, diet quality, physical activity, sleep, or home environment changes between intervention and control groups. Conclusions: A family T2DM prevention program was feasibly delivered by FQHC staff, and acceptable to mothers and children. Program efficacy will be evaluated in an adequately powered clinical trial. © The Author(s) 2021.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Association of EDARV370A with breast density and metabolic syndrome in Latinos

The ectodysplasin receptor (EDAR) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF) superfamily member. A substitution in an exon of EDAR at position 370 (EDARV370A) creates a gain of function mutant present at high frequencies in Asian and Indigenous American populations but absent in others. Its frequency is intermediate in populations of Mexican ancestry. EDAR regulates the development of ectodermal tissues, including mammary ducts. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are prevalent in people with Indigenous and Latino ancestry. Latino patients also have altered prevalence and presentation of breast cancer. It is unknown whether EDARV370A might connect these phenomena. The goals of this study were to determine 1) whether EDARV370A is associated with metabolic phenotypes and 2) if there is altered breast anatomy in women carrying EDARV370A. Participants were from two Latino cohorts, the Arizona Insulin Resistance (AIR) registry and Sangre por Salud (SPS) biobank. The frequency of EDARV370A was 47% in the Latino cohorts. In the AIR registry, carriers of EDARV370A (GG homozygous) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher plasma triglycerides, VLDL, ALT, 2-hour post-challenge glucose, and a higher prevalence of prediabetes/diabetes. In a subset of the AIR registry, serum levels of ectodysplasin A2 (EDA-A2) also were associated with HbA1c and prediabetes (p < 0.05). For the SPS biobank, participants that were carriers of EDARV370A had lower breast density and higher HbA1c (both p < 0.05). The significant associations with measures of glycemia remained when the cohorts were combined. We conclude that EDARV370A is associated with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome and breast density in Latinos. © 2021 Coletta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Aptidão cardiorrespiratória, perfil lipídico e metabólico em adolescentes obesos e não-obesos

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre o consumo máximo de oxigênio, perfil lipídico e metabólico em meninas e meninos obesos e não-obesos. Estudo transversal, descritivo e correlacional. A amostra foi composta por 91 obesos e 30 não-obesos, dos 10 aos 16 anos. Avaliou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a circunferência abdominal (CA). A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi avaliada de forma direta através da análise do consumo máximo de oxigênio (O2max). Determinaram-se níveis de colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C), triglicérides (TG), glicemia e insulinemia após 12 horas de jejum. Analisaram-se os dados pelo teste "t" de student e correlação parcial controlada pela idade, com um nível de significância de pO2max com o IMC (r = -0,540; p O2max com a CT, a fração LDL-C e a glicemia.O menor VO2max correlacionou com maiores adiposidade, TG e insulinemia, bem como redução de HDL. O O2max não correlacionou com o CT, LDL-C e glicemia, sugerindo a importância do controle genético sobre estas variáveis e um menor tempo de influência do sedentarismo na população infanto-juvenil.The aim this study was investigates the relationship between maximum oxygen consumption, lipid and metabolic profile in obese and non-obese girls and boys. Transversal, descriptive and correlational study. 91 obese and 30 non-obese subjects participated, with 10 to 16 years. There were well overall adiposity by body mass index (BMI), and central adiposity by waist circumference (WC). The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by a direct analysis of maximum oxygen consumption (O2max). Are determined levels of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), glucose and insulin after 12 hours of fasting. We analyzed the data by "t" student`s test and partial correlation controlled for age, with a significance level of p O2max and HDL-C than the obese (p O2max was no correlation with BMI (r = -0.50, p O2max with the TC, the fraction of LDL-C and glucose. The lowest VO2max correlated with increased adiposity, insulin and TG, and reduction of HDL. However, the O2max not correlated with TC, LDL-C and glucose, suggesting the importance of genetic control of these variables and a lower influence of time of inactivity in children and youth population