Effects of anionic detergent (LABS) on serum biochemical parameters in Carassius auratus

Water pollution due to chemical substances such as anionic detergents causes different disorders in aquatic animals. We studied the effects of anionic detergents on biochemical parameters of gold fish using 152 fish (18-20cm) which were divided into four groups. Group one was used as control and the other three were exposed to 5, 10 and 15 ppm of anionic detergents for 21 days respectively. Sampling of the fish serum was conducted on day 21 and the levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, ALT and phosphorous were determined. An ANOVA with multiple-range Duncan test were used for data analysis. Urea levels were significantly tower in test groups I and 2 and uric acid level was significantly higher in group 2 compared to those of the control (P<0.05). Creatinine level of group 3 and phosphorous level of groups 2 and 3 were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). AST level significantly lower in group 2 compared to control (P<0.05). As for ALT level in groups 1, 2 and 3, tests showed a significantly lower lever compared to those of the control group (P<0.05)

Studying clinical and histopathological effects of Phenytoin Sodium on Cutaneous wounds in the Gold Fish (Carassius auratus)

Cutaneous lesions of fish caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic, mechanical and chemical agents are very common normally leading to more infection severity and higher mortality. We studied the healing effects of Phenytoin Sodium on 140 fish specimens. For this reason, the fish samples disinfected by using a saline solution 3% for 14 minutes. An incision 1.5cm long and 2mm deep applied in all fish samples and then the samples divided into four groups of 35 fish specimens. We used the first group as control and treated the other three groups by three doses of Phenytoin Sodium. During the 20 days of the study, water changed as per need and added Phenytoin Sodium at a dose of 2mg/l, 5mg/l and 10mg/l. Over the 20 days of study, healing was recorded in all groups, but groups 2 and 3 showed more healing. The healing initiation was also sooner in groups 2 and 3 compared to other groups. In clinical examination of the healing effects of Phenytoin Sodium, group 3 showed depression, anorexia, increased mucous secretion and ataxia while these symptoms were absent in group 2. We concluded that a solution of 5mg/l of Phenytoin Sodium is the best for improvement of the incision healing in the gold fis

Reduced Models of the Retention of Nitrogen in

Abstract: Process-oriented models of the retention of nitrogen in catchments are by necessity rather complex. We introduced several types of ensemble runs that can provide informative summaries of meteorologically normalised model outputs and also clarify the extent to which such outputs are related to various model parameters. Thereafter we employed this technique to examine policy-relevant outputs of the catchment model INCA-N. In particular, we examined how long it will take for changes in the application of fertilisers on cultivated land to affect the predicted riverine loads of nitrogen. The results showed that the magnitude of the total intervention effect was influenced mainly by the parameters governing the turnover of nitrogen in soil, whereas the temporal distribution of the water quality response was determined primarily by the hydromechanical model parameters. This raises the question of whether the soil nitrogen processes included in the model are elaborate enough to correctly explain the widespread observations of slow water quality responses to changes in agricultural practices