Effect of drought stress and paclobutrazol- treated seeds on physiological response of festuca arundinacea L. master and lolium perenne L. barrage

To study interaction between drought stress and pachlobutrazol as treated seeds before planting, seeds of Festuca arundinacea L. Master and Lolium perenne L. Barrage were soaked with 0, 20, 30 and 40 mg.L-1 paclobutrazol for 24 h on shaker during imbibitions stage of seed germination. Treated seeds were sowed in the pots. After 102 days, when the seedlings well established, drought stress was applied in 50% field capacity (FC), 25% FC and well-watered. Interaction effect of Paclobutrazol × drought stress × cultivar was significant on relative water content (RWC). Drought stress increased electrolyte leakage whereas the highest concentration of paclobutrazol reduced EL. The highest total chlorophyll content was observed in Master at wellwatered however at 25% FC in Barrage the lowest chlorophyll content is resulted. Paclobutrazol 40 mgL-1 was the highest total chlorophyll content. Festuca arundinacea L. Master at 25% FC Was the highest proline content. All paclobutrazol concentrations in Festuca arundinacea L. Master resulted higher proline content. Paclobutrazol 20 mgL-1 at 25% FC had higher shoot dry weight. The highest root dry weight resulted in Barrage at well-watered with 30 mgL-1 paclobutrazol. Root length was the highest in well-watered and lower in 25% FC

Turfgrass seedling height and quality in paclobutrazol- treated seeds of lolium perenne l. barrage and festuca arundinacea l. master

Paclobutrazol affects height and quality of seedlings of turfgrass specious. To determine the effect of paclobutrazol on seedling height and visual quality, seeds of Lolium perenne L. Barrage and Festuca arundinacea L. Master were soaked with 0, 20, 30 and 40 mgL-1 paclobutrazol for 24 h on shaker during imbibitions stage of seed germination. Treated seeds were sowed in the soil mixtures containing 70 percent gardening soil (with clay loam texture) and 30 percent sand (V/V). Pots had 41 cm height and 23 cm wide. Lower height at three stages of measured vegetative growth was resulted in Festuca arundinacea L. Master. Paclobutrazol resulted in lower height in three stage of vegetative growth. The interaction between cultivar and paclobutrazol concentrations was significant at 30 days after planting (DAP). Treatment of Festuca arundinacea L. Master with paclobutrazol 30 and 40 mgL-1 showed lower height at stage tree (30 DAP) while there were no significant difference in Lolium perenne L. Barrage. All of paclobutrazol treatment resulted lower wide of blade in Lolium perenne L. Barrage. Festuca arundinacea L. Master treated with 40 mgL-1 paclobutrazol had higher visual quality. It can be concluded that different cultivar could show different response to paclobutrazol treated on seed before planting. Festuca arundinacea L. Master treated with 40 mgL-1 may be more suitable to be used in this regard

Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Background The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0.603 (0.400-1.00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0.002 (0-0) and 1.75 (0.698-4.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0.114 (0-0.403) to 1.87 (0.500-3.30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0.193 (0-0.900) and 6.94 (3.40-8.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59.1% (54.3-65.4) were aged 15-39 years and 76.9% (73.0-81.3) were male. Interpretation There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol

Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose–response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15–95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0–0·403) to 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years and 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation