Green Communication in Cellular Networks

To reduce the environmental impacts of carbon dioxide and the cost of cellular networks, network operators must deploy energy efficiency techniques. In this paper we will look at different methods of improving energy consumption at the network and cell level. Also, we will look at the role of renewable sources of energy to increase the network reliability, reduce cost and greenhouse gas on a nation-wide network

A Textbook Evaluation of Speech Acts and Language Functions in High School English Textbooks (I, II AndIII) and Interchange Series, Books I, II, And III

Although English textbooks are considered as a key component in English language teaching programs, they have been criticized for not offering classroom learner’s adequate opportunity for learning authentic language (Vellenga, 2004). This is because, instead of making use of language samples that native speakers actually produce, many textbooks have drawn on native speakers’ intuition about language use, which might not always be reliable. This study investigated the use of speech acts presented in Iranian high School English Textbooks I, II, and III and New Interchange series (I, II, III) which are quite popular in Iranian language schools and institutions. For this purpose, speech acts in the conversations were analyzed to see how they were presented through Searle’s (1976) speech act model. There were 1100 different speech acts used in New Interchange series while there were only 275 speech acts used in high school textbooks. The language functions in the two mentioned series were also compared, there were a variety of language functions used in the New Interchange series while in the high school English textbooks they were presented unequally and some of them recurred throughout the books which followed no specific pattern. Since high school English textbooks in Iran are not communicatively oriented, the researcher concluded that these books cannot develop the pragmatic competence in the language learners or students. Finally, some recommendations were offered for the textbook designers and language teachers in dealing with the speech acts in high school English textbooks

A Textbook Evaluation of Speech Acts and Language Functions in High School English Textbooks (I, II AndIII) and Interchange Series, Books I, II, And III

Although English textbooks are considered as a key component in English language teaching programs, they have been criticized for not offering classroom learner’s adequate opportunity for learning authentic language (Vellenga, 2004). This is because, instead of making use of language samples that native speakers actually produce, many textbooks have drawn on native speakers’ intuition about language use, which might not always be reliable. This study investigated the use of speech acts presented in Iranian high School English Textbooks I, II, and III and New Interchange series (I, II, III) which are quite popular in Iranian language schools and institutions. For this purpose, speech acts in the conversations were analyzed to see how they were presented through Searle’s (1976) speech act model. There were 1100 different speech acts used in New Interchange series while there were only 275 speech acts used in high school textbooks. The language functions in the two mentioned series were also compared, there were a variety of language functions used in the New Interchange series while in the high school English textbooks they were presented unequally and some of them recurred throughout the books which followed no specific pattern. Since high school English textbooks in Iran are not communicatively oriented, the researcher concluded that these books cannot develop the pragmatic competence in the language learners or students. Finally, some recommendations were offered for the textbook designers and language teachers in dealing with the speech acts in high school English textbooks

A Textbook Evaluation of Speech Acts and Language Functions in High School English Textbooks (I, II AndIII) and Interchange Series, Books I, II, And III

Although English textbooks are considered as a key component in English language teaching programs, they have been criticized for not offering classroom learner’s adequate opportunity for learning authentic language (Vellenga, 2004). This is because, instead of making use of language samples that native speakers actually produce, many textbooks have drawn on native speakers’ intuition about language use, which might not always be reliable. This study investigated the use of speech acts presented in Iranian high School English Textbooks I, II, and III and New Interchange series (I, II, III) which are quite popular in Iranian language schools and institutions. For this purpose, speech acts in the conversations were analyzed to see how they were presented through Searle’s (1976) speech act model. There were 1100 different speech acts used in New Interchange series while there were only 275 speech acts used in high school textbooks. The language functions in the two mentioned series were also compared, there were a variety of language functions used in the New Interchange series while in the high school English textbooks they were presented unequally and some of them recurred throughout the books which followed no specific pattern. Since high school English textbooks in Iran are not communicatively oriented, the researcher concluded that these books cannot develop the pragmatic competence in the language learners or students. Finally, some recommendations were offered for the textbook designers and language teachers in dealing with the speech acts in high school English textbooks

Removal of permethrin pesticide from water by chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles composite as an adsorbent

AbstractSynthesis of chitosan–ZnO nanoparticles (CS–ZnONPs) composite beads was performed by a polymer-based method. The resulting bionanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Adsorption applications for removal of pesticide pollutants were conducted. The optimum conditions, including adsorbent dose, agitating time, initial concentration of pesticide and pH on the adsorption of pesticide by chitosan loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles beads were investigated. Results showed that 0.5 g of the bionanocomposite, in room temperature and pH 7, could remove 99% of the pesticide from permethrin solution (25 ml, 0.1 mg L−1), using UV spectrophotometer at 272 nm. Then, the application of the adsorbent for pesticide removal was studied in the on-line column. The column was regenerated with NaOH solution (0.1 M) completely, and then reused for adsorption application. The CS–ZnONPs composite beads appear to be the new promising material in water treatment application with 56% regeneration after 3 cycles

Job stress among general and special school teachers in Jahrom City, Iran

Introduction Teaching is among the careers which are associated with a lot of stress. Occupational or job stress is an unfavorable mental state which is caused by the workplace environment and can seriously impede employees’ performance. The purpose of this research was to compare occupational stress among general and special school teachers. Methods 84 teachers (42 were general school teachers and 42 were special school teachers) from Jahrom, Iran were selected as study samples. Special school teachers and general school teachers were chosen using convenience sampling and multistage random sampling methods, respectively. Parker and DeCotiis’s job stress scale was used to assess job stress. The collected data were analysed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results Results showed that job stress and its subscales were significantly higher among general school teachers than special school teachers (p <0.05); however, there was no significant difference between male and female teachers in terms of job stress and its subscales (p<0.05). Conclusions According to the findings of this study, the Ministry of Education is recommended to prevent job stress by improving the level of services in general school and holding workshops with the aim of offering teachers some coping strategies to deal with stress in schools

The effect of progressive muscle relaxation program (PMR) on anxiety of patients undergoing coronary heart angiography

زمینه و هدف: یکی از راه های تشخیص بیماری های قلب کاتتریزاسیون می باشد که اغلب به ایجاد استرس و اضطراب برای بیمار منجر می گردد. آرامسازی پیشرونده عضلانی یکی از مداخلات غیر دارویی موثر برای کاهش اضطراب بیماران، می باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی تاثیر برنامه آرامسازی پیشرونده عضلانی بر میزان اضطراب بیماران تحت آنژیوگرافی عروق کرونر انجام شد. روش بررسی: این پژوهش یک مطالعه نیمه تجربی بصورت قبل و بعد بود. 146 بیمار که جهت آنژیوگرافی عروق کرونر در بیمارستان قلب شهید رجایی تهران بستری بودند، انتخاب و برنامه آموزشی آرامسازی پیشرونده عضلانی (PMR) به صورت لوح فشرده 45 دقیقه ای در اختیار آنان قرار گرفت. اضطراب جامعه پژوهش قبل و بعد از اجرای برنامه از طریق پرسشنامه محقق ساخته سنجیده و داده ها به وسیله آزمون های آماری کای دو و تی زوجی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: بین متغیرهای سن، وضعیت تاهل و تاریخچه تشخیص بیماری با عوامل تنش زا ارتباط معنی داری مشاهده نگردید. بین متغیرهای میزان تحصیلات و وضعیت اشتغال، نحوه پرداخت هزینه ها و سابقه بستری در بیمارستان با عوامل تنش زا ارتباط معنی داری وجود داشت (05/0>P). بین میانگین اضطراب بیماران تحت آنژیوگرافی عروق کرونر قبل و بعد از اجرای برنامه اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده شد (01/0