Parametric entropy based Cluster Centriod Initialization for k-means clustering of various Image datasets

One of the most employed yet simple algorithm for cluster analysis is the k-means algorithm. k-means has successfully witnessed its use in artificial intelligence, market segmentation, fraud detection, data mining, psychology, etc., only to name a few. The k-means algorithm, however, does not always yield the best quality results. Its performance heavily depends upon the number of clusters supplied and the proper initialization of the cluster centroids or seeds. In this paper, we conduct an analysis of the performance of k-means on image data by employing parametric entropies in an entropy based centroid initialization method and propose the best fitting entropy measures for general image datasets. We use several entropies like Taneja entropy, Kapur entropy, Aczel Daroczy entropy, Sharma Mittal entropy. We observe that for different datasets, different entropies provide better results than the conventional methods. We have applied our proposed algorithm on these datasets: Satellite, Toys, Fruits, Cars, Brain MRI, Covid X-Ray.Comment: 6 Pages, 2 tables, one algorithm. Accepted for publication in IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Computer Vision (SPCV-2023

Immunohistochemical evaluation of small round cell tumors of childhood

Objective: This study was done to evaluate the pediatric undifferentiated small round cell tumors with immunohistochemical staining. Setting: The present study included consecutive cases of small round cell tumors which were diagnosed in children (\u3c15 years) in the section of Histopathology at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi during the period of two years. Methods: The group of undifferentiated small round cell tumors were evaluated immunohistochemically by using a panel of antibodies on sections from routinely processed, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks. Results: The category of undifferentiated small round cell tumors included rhabdomyosarcoma (23.2%), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (17.9%), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (16.1%), neuroblastoma (14.2%), Ewing’s sarcoma (10.7%) in order of frequency. Osteosarcoma (Small cell variant), retinoblastoma and medulloblastoma comprised 1.8% each. In seven cases (12.5%), the immunohistochemical analysis was inconclusive. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry is a very valuable diagnostic tool which helps in distinguishing the undifferentiated tumors especially small round cell tumors. The immunohistochemical staining needs to be performed routinely for undifferentiated tumors in diagnostic histopathology

Effect of School Library on Students’ Learning Attitude

The purpose of this study is to unfold the perceptions of school teachers about the importance of school libraries in developing academic attitude among students. It is an attempt to know the opinion of teachers, what they perceive about the effect of the sue of libraries. For this purpose, 560 school teachers (male= 280 and female=280) were selected randomly from 70 public sector boys (35) and girls (35) high schools of Lahore district, Pakistan. An opinionnaire consisting of 16 items based on five point Likert Scale was developed and pilot tested on 70 school teachers. The reliability coefficient value was α=0.9154. Finally, the data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and t-test to compare the means at p<0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that male teachers are more in favor (mean= 66.64) than female teachers (mean= 63.91) about the fact that library has a significant role in developing learning attitude among students. They were selected because the teachers self fulfilling prophecy contributes a lot for the development of the child. Generally this area of consideration is almost neglected in Pakistani research circles. The focus of this study was to explore the facts in a novel way. What sort of differences are there in the opinion of male and female teachers regarding the library were also the questions to be answered in this stud

Quantitative and Qualitative Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to EM Bioaab and Fertilizers

ABSTRACT An attempt was made to examine growth, yield and quality performance of maize treated with EM 'Bioaab' and fertilizers under agroecological conditions of Faisalabad. The treatments included were Control, FYM (50 t ha -

GC/MS analysis, free radical scavenging, anticancer and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activities of Trillium govanianum rhizome

The current study aims to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, \u3b2-glucuronidase inhibitory and anticancer activities of Trillium govanianum rhizome. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroidal glycosides, saponins, sterols, flavonoids and carbohydrates. GC/MS analyses of n-hexane fraction identified 12 compounds, including 70% unsaturated and 30% saturated fatty acids. Higher free radical scavenging capacity was observed in n-hexane and chloroform fraction compared with the other fractions. Based on IC50 (\u3bcg/mL) values, antiproliferative activity on HeLa cells was observed for chloroform (0.8 \ub1 0.2), ethyl acetate (1.4 \ub1 0.1) and butanol (1.6 \ub1 0.3) fractions by comparison to anticancer drug doxorubicin (0.3 \ub1 0.0). Similarly, all fractions exhibited cytotoxicity on PC-3 cells. Moreover, the methanol extract (IC50: 140.8 \ub1 3.8) and butanol fraction (196.2 \ub1 1.9) exhibited a moderate level of \u3b2-glucuronidase inhibitory activity. These findings may validate the folkloric uses of T. govanianum rhizome in cancer management, and can be a promising candidate as an anticancer agent

Qualitative and quantitative response of three cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) to phosphorous application

ABSTRACT Investigations to see the yield and cooking quality response of three varieties of lentils to phosphorus application were carried out at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Varieties used were local, Masoor-85 and Masoor-93. The phosphorus levels were 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 . Masoor-93 yielded higher than to other varieties when treated with 50-75-50 kg N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O ha -1 and the increase in grain yield was attributed to increase in the number of seeds per pod, total seed weight per plant and weight per 1000 grains. Cooking quality was significantly improved with phosphorus application over the control but the varieties were at par with one another in their cooking scores

Comparative analysis of UWB balance Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna for array configuration

In this paper, an Ultra-wideband Balance Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna in planar and h-plane array configuration is presented. The comparison of four elements of BAVA array in both planes has been observed. Each element of an antenna printed on the glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material (FR4) with a thickness of 1.5mm and relative permittivity of 4.3. The dimension of every single element is 60.75mm x 66mm approximately. The array elements of both planes almost cover the whole UWB frequency range with the reflection coefficient of -10dB. Based on the simulation results, the array elements in planar configuration showing good reflection and works well at 3.2GHz frequency while the configuration in h-plane the array elements works well at 7GHz of frequency. In planar configuration, the operating frequency of antenna elements is shifting as a result of the distance between inter elements which intensification in wavelength. The array elements in h-plane produce more gain up to 10.2 dB with good radiation patterns as compared to the planar plane. The antenna design and optimization development are verified using CST simulation software

Design and parametric evaluation of UWB antenna for array arrangement

This paper has introduced the concept of UWB antenna in array arrangements. The four elements of Balance Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (BAVA) has been used for planar and H-plane array configuration in this research. Each single element of BAVA Antenna is printed on the glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material (FR4) along an overall thickness of 1.57mm and εr=4.3 respectively. The optimized measurement of each particular element is 60.75mm x 66mm approximatel. Further the parametric evaluation of four BAVA elements in different planes has been observed in this paper. The placement of array elements has almost coverd entire UWB frequency range and appropriate reflection coefficient which is better than -10dB has been established in both combinations. According to simulation results, the array elements in planar arrangement presenting a suitable reflection and works well at 3.2GHz frequency while the arrangement in H-plane the array elements works well at 7GHz of frequency. In planar arrangement, the operating frequency of antenna elements is shifting as results of the distance among inter elements which increase in wavelength. In H-plane arrangement an antenna elements generate additional gain up to 10.2 dB with good radiation patterns as compared to the planar plane. The CSTMWS simulation software has been used for antenna structural design and parametric verification