Dynamics of a vapour bubble near a thin elastic plate

Numerical and experimental results show that during the collapse phase of a vapor bubble near a rigid boundary, in the absence of strong buoyancy forces, a liquid micro jet is developed on the side of the bubble far from the rigid surface and directed towards it. Numerical and experimental results also show that, in the case of a bubble near a free surface, during the collapse phase of the bubble and in the absence of strong buoyancy forces, the vapor bubble is repelled by the free surface. In this case a liquid micro jet is developed on the closest side of the bubble to the free surface and is directed away from it. The dynamic behavior of a vapor bubble near a free surface leads to the idea that a vapor bubble during its growth and collapse phases near a deformable diaphragm may have a behavior similar to its behavior near a free surface. In this paper dynamics of a vapor bubble during its growth and collapse phases near a thin elastic plate is investigated. It has been shown that the growth and collapse of a vapor bubble generated due to a high local energy input causes considerable deformation on the nearby thin elastic plate. Different thin elastic plates with different thicknesses and different flexural rigidities are assumed and the dynamic behavior of a vapor bubble near each of these plates is investigated. Results show that during the growth and collapse of a vapor bubble near a thin elastic plate with a proper thickness and flexural rigidity, in the absence of strong buoyancy forces, a liquid micro jet may develop on the closest side of the bubble to the thin elastic plate and directed away from it.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/84307/1/CAV2009-final132.pd

Exceptions to the carrier's liability arising from loss, damages and delay

Thesis (M.A.)--Özyeğin University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Department of Institute of Social Sciences Department of Private Law, March 2018.Uluslararası eşya taşımacılığının en eski ve köklü türü kuşkusuz deniz yolu ile eşya taşımasıdır. 19. yüzyıldan itibaren taşıma hacminin artması ile birlikte uluslararası taşımalar artmış ve deniz yolu ile eşya taşımasına dair kuralların yeknesak bir uygulamaya tabi olması ihtiyacı doğmuştur. 1893 yılında kabul Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kabul edilen Harter Kanunu'nu üç önemli uluslararası konvansiyon izlemiştir: 1924 tarihli Lahey Kuralları, 1978 tarihli Hamburg Kuralları ve 2009 tarihli Rotterdam Kuralları. Hamburg ve Rotterdam kuralları düzenleri yeterince kabul görmediğinden, uluslararası denizcilik hukukunun temelini halen 1924 tarihli Lahey Kuralları oluşturmaktadır. Türk Hukuku uygulamasında esas alınan kural düzeni Lahey Kuralları olmuştur. Tezimizin konusunu oluşturan taşıyanın sorumluluktan kurtulduğu haller de Lahey Kuralları'nın temelini oluşturduğu Alman Ticaret Kanunu'ndan alınmış olmakla beraber; bu kural düzeninin eski ve modern ilkelerden uzak kaldığı alanlarda daha güncel olan Hamburg Kuralları'ndan da yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmamızın ilk bölümünde, taşıyan kavramı ve taşıyanın sorumluluğunu doğuran haller izah edilmiştir. Çalışmanın asıl konusunu oluşturan taşıyanın sorumluluktan kurtulduğu haller ise ikinci bölümde detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Konu bütünlüğünün sağlanması amacıyla, taşıyanın kısmi sorumluluğu ve sözleşme dışı taleplerden sorumluluk konuları açıklanmıştır. Türk Ticaret Kanunu kapsamında taşıyana yüklenen sorumluluk hallerinin sözleşme ile değiştirilebileceği durumlar izah edilmiş ve son olarak, uluslararası konvansiyonlarda öngörülen ancak Türk Ticaret Kanunu'na alınmayan sorumsuzluk düzenleri karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın bütününde, konular uluslararası konvansiyonlar ve başta İngiliz ve Amerikan hukuk sistemleri olmak üzere, yabancı hukuk sistemleri ile karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Tezin içeriğinde hem Türk hem de yabancı mahkeme kararları ile konu açıklamaları desteklenmiş ve konunun uygulamaya yönelik olarak somutlaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.International transport of goods by sea is without a doubt the oldest and long-established form of transportation. By the 19th century, the industry grew and the international carriage of goods rose which created the need for the unification of the rules worldwide. The Harter Act of 1893 in the United States of America was followed by three international conventions: The Hague Rules of 1924, The Hamburg Rules of 1978 and The Rotterdam Rules of 2009. The Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules were not widely accepted therefore The Hague Rules of 1924 are still the foundation of maritime law. The Hague Rules are the basis of Turkish Law. The main subjects of this thesis, the exceptions of the carrier's liability, have been integrated to Turkish Law system from the German Commercial Code, which is based on The Hague Rules. However, The Hamburg Rules were also used at the formation of the Turkish Commercial Code to replace old and out of touch principles of the Hague Rules. In the first part of the dissertation, the concept of carrier and the basic liabilities of the carrier are explained. The exceptions of the liability, which is the main subject of this dissertation, have been examined in detail in the second part. The carrier's partial liability and civil law liabilities are also explained to maintain the subject's integrity. Furthermore, the evitable clauses of the mandatory rules of liability of the carrier are addressed. Finally, the exception clauses of the carrier's liability that have been granted in the international conventions but have not been incorporated to the Turkish law system are explained with a comparative approach. Throughout the work, the subject has been examined comparatively with the international conventions and foreign law systems, notably British and American Law. The dissertation has been supported by both local and international verdicts in order to provide a better understanding to the practice of law

Mathematical and numerical modeling of the effect of input-parameters on the flushing efficiency of plasma channel in EDM process

In the present study, the temperature distribution on the surface of workpiece and tool during a single discharge in the electrical discharge machining process has been simulated using ABAQUS code finite element software. The temperature dependency of material properties and the expanding of plasma channel radius with time have been employed in the simulation stage. The profile of temperature distribution has been utilized to calculate the dimensions of discharge crater. Based on the results of FEM and the experimental observations, a numerical analysis has been developed assessing the contribution of input-parameters on the efficiency of plasma channel in removing the molten material from molten puddles on the surfaces of workpiece and tool at the end of each discharge. The results show that the increase in the pulse current and pulse on-time have converse effects on the plasma flushing efficiency, as it increases by the prior one and decreases by the latter one. Later, the introduced formulas for plasma flushing efficiency based on regression model were utilized to predict the cardinal parameter of recast layer thickness on the electrodes which demands expensive empirical tests to be obtained. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

A numerical method for predicting the depth of heat affected zone in EDM process for AISI H13 tool steel

This study presents a finite element model (FEM) to model temperature distribution for AISI H13 tool steel workpiece in electrical discharge machining (EDM) at different machining parameters (pulse current, pulse on-time, temperature-sensitive material properties, size of heat source, and material flushing efficiency). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and micro-hardness tests were used to validate accuracy of FEM predictions. Increasing pulse on-time leads to a higher depth of heat affected zone and increasing pulse current results in a slight decrease of depth of heat affected zone. There is a good agreement between experimental and numerical results