A new approach to the formulation of scalar flux closure

This report shows that if a stochastic differential equation (Langevin equation) for velocity fluctuation vector is known, it is possible to derive the equations for scalar flux transport. Durbin and Speziale (1994) showed that the second moment of this stochastic differential equation gives an equation for the evolution of Reynolds stress tensor. Similarly, the stochastic equation will give an equation for scalar flux. Therefore, a coupling between these two is present. The basis for the present work is that there should be Langevin equations that can produce acceptable models for both the Reynolds stress tensor and the scalar flux vector. Having found this basic Langevin equation, the amount of work needed to model the second order closure problems is reduced; using the well developed models for Reynolds stress equations, it will be possible to derive corresponding models for scalar flux equation

A study of genetic population of Alosa braschnicowi (Borodin, 1904) in Sari and Mahmodabad coasts in the Caspian Sea, using Microsatellite loci

In this study, five Microsatellite loci were used to evaluate genetic diversity of A. braschnicowi between two populations of the Caspian Sea. Sixty samples were collected from the coasts of Mahmodabad and Sari (30 specimens for each population). Five Microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic among all samples. The number of alleles per locus observed ranged from 17 to 32 and averaged 14.1 alleles across two populations. The average observed heterozygosis in Mahmodabad and Sari were 57.1% to 60.1% and average observed heterozygosis between two populations was 58.9%. Among 10 population-locus (5 loci × 2 populations) only two tests were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, so highly deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found. The average values of Fis and Nm were 0.33 and 14.19, respectively. Also AMOVA on base Fst index showed low genetic difference between two populations (2%), while the genetic diversity within population was 98%. Due to allelic diversity and estimates of heterozygosity, these markers can be useful in Alosa genus for population level analysis in the Caspian Sea

Modulation of innate immune cells by the NAD+ pathway

NAD+ has previously been shown to regulate TNF-α synthesis and TNF-α has been shown to regulate NAD+ homeostasis, thus providing a link between a pro-inflammatory response and redox status. Despite the well-established link between TNF-α and NAD+, the mechanism as to how NAD+ modulates TNF-α release is not fully understood. To achieve this, this link was investigated using THP-1 cell line-derived M1-like (pro-inflammatory) and M2-like (anti-inflammatory) macrophages using PMA and vitamin D3, respectively. NAD+ levels differed markedly between M1-like and M2-like macrophages, with M1-like having much higher basal levels. LPS increases NAD+ levels and TNF-α secretion in M1-like but not M2-like cells. In an effort to investigate the source of the NAD+ levels and the association with TNF-α release, three inhibitors (FK866, DPI and 1D-MT) were used. Following stimulation, NAD+ is produced partially via NADH oxidation and partially through NAD+ synthesis. Both DPI and FK866 reduced TNF-α secretion with DPI showing the largest effect. The two phenotypes showed differential profiles of NAD+ homeostasis gene expression compared with each other and with the progenitor THP-1 in both resting and activated states. While IDO expression was induced in both phenotypes, CD38 and NAMPT were upregulated in M1-like cells whereas CD157 was upregulated in M2-like cells. LPS induced M1-like cells to up-regulate CD38 and CD157 and down-regulate NAMPT unlike M2-like cells which up-regulated NAMPT and CD38 and down-regulated CD157. M1s increased glycolysis activity whereas conversely, decreased oxidative metabolism during LPS stimulation confirming previous findings showing that classical M1s are predominantly glycolytic. Collectively, these data suggest that the relationship between NAD+ levels and pro-/anti-inflammatory responses is complex and may be regulated via a combination of pathways. These findings open the possibility of pharmacological manipulation of NAD+ synthesis as a way of selectively modulating macrophage responses which may be beneficial for the development of therapeutics targeting inflammatory diseases.College of Science, Al-Qadisiyah University, Ministry of Higher Educatio

Genetic characterization of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843) populations in Tigris Basin, Iran using microsatellite markers

The isolation-by-distance theory states that the genetic differentiation between individuals raised by increasing geographic distance. Therefore, this study tested this hypothesis for Garra rufa, a freshwater fish species of Iranian inland waters, from six rivers located at the different distances in Tirgis basin. For this purpose, eight variable microsatellite loci were applied to identify geographic-based population structure of G. rufa. From 240 fish of six populations, 102 alleles were found with a mean number of 11.625 to 13.250 alleles. Heterozygosity was ranged 0.567-0.638 in six studied populations. Moreover, a significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg were found in the studied populations. Unweight pair group analysis indicated that the six studied populations could be divided into four major clusters. The results revealed a fairly high level of genetic variation in the microsatellite loci within six studied populations. Wright’s fixation index (Fst) ranged between 0.013-0.044 indicating little genetic differentiation between populations. Within this range, however, we found a strong positive relation between Fst and geographical distance lending support to the isolation-by-distance theory

Microsatellite analysis of five populations of Alosa braschnikowi (Borodin, 1904) across the Southern coast of the Caspian Sea

Genetic diversity studies are essential in characterization of populations and species conservation. Alosa braschnikowi is a commercially valuable species native to the Caspian Sea. It is thought to have eight to nine subspecies, but the genetics of these populations remains to be investigated. The present study was performed to evaluate the genetic population structures of Caspian marine shad (Alosa braschnikowi) in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea using six pairs of SSR markers. A total of Alosa braschnikowi 140 specimens through five locations across the southern coast of the Caspian Sea were genotyped and 130 alleles were identified. The overall mean values of Ho and He were 0.58 and 0.87, respectively, with the highest and minimum value of Ho observed in Sari (0.67 ± 0.08) and Miankaleh (0.50 ± 0.04), respectively. The overall mean value of allelic richness was 12.6. The data suggest that there was a high rate of migration between populations of Alosa braschnikowi (overall mean of Nm = 13.57), with the highest value (19.07) between Gomishan and Mahmodabad locations. AMOVA results showed that 96% of variation was related to within populations and only 4% belonged to between populations. The mean Fst value of 0.019 indicates a low level of population differentiation. Our data suggest that there may be two genetically separate populations of Alosa braschnikowi across the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and a high rate of migration is likely to limit genetic diversity between them.Microsatellite Analysis of Five Populations of Alosa braschnikowi (Borodin, 1904) Across the Southern Coast of the Caspian SeapublishedVersio

InterPack2005-73268 A NOVEL SCHEME IN THERMAL MODELING OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS

ABSTRACT This paper presents a simple yet novel analytical approach to model the heat conduction in a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) by taking advantage of the large thermal conductivity contrast between the copper and glass-epoxy layers. The model provides a compact expression for the effective thermal resistance of a PCB and captures an approximate 2-dimensional temperature distribution within the PCB copper layer using simple one-dimensional fin equations in successive copper-glass epoxy layers. The results for effective thermal resistance and temperature distributions in copper layers agree within ±10% of those predicted using finite element (FEM) simulations. The present approach can significantly improve the system level thermal modeling and design of single and multi-component PCBs

Spatial Model of the Emission of Intersections in The City of Diwanyah Using Programs of Aermod View And Sidra Intersection (A Study in the Geography of the Envoronment)

تتمثل منطقة الدراسة بمدينة الديوانية وهي مركز محافظة الديوانية ، وهذا جعل منها عقدة مهمة لطرق النقل الرئيسة التي يمر اغلبها بالمدينة. تبلغ مساحة المدينة ضمن التصميم الاساس4711 هكتار وتضمنت خمسة قطاعات وبواقع (61) حياً سكنياً.  تهدف الدراسة الى الكشف عن التباين المكاني لتراكيز ملوثات الهواء المتمثلة  بثاني اوكسيد الكاربون واحادي اوكسيد الكاربون والهيدروكربونات واكاسيد النتروجين الناتجة عن حرق الوقود الاحفوري من خلال استعمال نماذج الانتشار والتشتت لانبعاثات المركبات في التقاطعات وقد استخدم برنامجSidra Intersection v5 لحساب كميات الوقود المستهلك وكميات الانبعاثات الناتجة وبرنامج Aermod View v8 تم استخدامه لغرض نمذجة انبعاثات المركبات من خلال معاملات الانبعاث .وان وقت النمذجة هي ساعة الذروة الصباحية 7.5-8.5  اذ تم خلالها رصد اعداد المركبات وانواعها في 16 تقاطع رئيس أجريت عليها الدراسة الميدانية في شهر تموز من سنة 2017.لاوقامت منهجية الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واستخدمت أيضا أساليب التحليل الآلي في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية وتمخضت الدراسة عن كشف التباين في كميات استهلاك الوقود وكميات الملوثات المنبعثة عنها في التقاطعات، اذ تظهر اعلى كميات لاستهلاك الوقود في بعض التقاطعات المحيطة بالمنطقة المركزية للمدينة، وان اتجاه حركة الانبعاثات بفعل الرياح في شهر تموز تكون بمحورين رئيسيين الأول باتجاه الجنوب الشرقي والثاني باتجاه الشمال الغربي. وان اكاسيد النتروجين تغطي اكبر مساحة مقارنة ببقية الملوثات. اما المسافة عن مصدر الانبعاث فان المستويات الأعلى تركيزا عادة ما تكون أقرب الى مصدر الانبعاث وبمسافات متقاربة.The study area is the city of Al-Diwaniyah, the center of the province of Al-Diwaniyah, and this made it an important node of the main transport routes, most of which pass through the city. The city has a total area of ​​4711 hectares and includes five sectors with 61 residential neighborhoods. The study aims to detect the spatial variation of concentrations of air pollutants of carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels through the use of dispersion and dispersion models for vehicle emissions at intersections. The Sidra Intersection v5 software is used to calculate the quantities of fuel consumed and the resulting emissions , Aermod View v8 is also is used to model vehicle emissions taking in to consideration the modeling time is the morning rush hour 7.5-8.5 AM, during which the monitoring of the numbers and types of vehicles in 16  main intersection of the field study in July of 2017.The methodology of the study is based on the analytical descriptive method. The methods of automated analysis are also used in GIS. The study reveals the difference in the quantities of fuel consumption and the quantities of pollutants emitted at the intersectionswhere the highest amounts of fuel consumption are in some of the intersections surrounding the central area of ​​the city, and the direction of the movement of emissions by the wind in July are two main axes, the first towards the south-east and the second to the north-west. Nitrogen oxides cover more space than compared with other pollutants. The distance from the source of emission, shows that the higher concentration levels are usually closer to the source of emission and close distances

Seasonal variation of chemical composition and fatty acid profile of ovary in wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio) of southeastern Caspian Sea

Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of common carp's gonad (ovary) were assessed. Protein, lipid, fatty acid profile and moisture content were determined during 4 seasons’ summer, autumn, winter in 2007 and spring in 2008. For each season 10 samples were examined. Average of gonadosomatic index in wild common carp was 7.53 ±5.02. Proximate composition of ovary during the study period showed the lipid at 8.06 ±2.20; protein at 23.26 ±4.85; and moisture at 67.12 ±3.85. The results showed lipid content of wild fish ovary increased from summer to spring (summer 6.875 ±0.53; autumn 7.07 ±2.12; winter 7.96 ±1.22; spring 9.44 ±3.62), protein content also increased from summer to spring (summer 12.920.09; autumn 23 ±1.32; winter 25.16 ±0.63; spring 27.11 ±0.63), moisture content decreased in this period (summer 75.235 ±1.75; autumn 68.25 ±2.28; winter 65.685 ±0.40; spring 63.43 ±0.11). Significant differences (P0.05). Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased from summer to spring (spawning season). The major fatty acids identified in common carp ovary were Oleic (C18:1), palmitic (C16:0), Docosahexanoic acid (C22:6 DHA), Palmitoleic (C16:1), Arachidonic, AA (C20:4), Stearic (C18:0), Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 EPA) and Linoleic (C18:2) in all seasons. Lipid, protein and omega 3 PUFA increased during gonad maturation. It seems that these resources of energy are necessary for embryogenesis