Characterization of hybrid pomegranate genotypes based on sunburn and cracking traits related to maturation time

Sunburn and cracking are the most significant physiological problems in the region where pomegranate is grown. These problems cause yield loss of up to 50% in some years. It is known that environmental and genetic factors have an effect on sunburn and cracking on pomegranates. In this study, the resistance of hybrid pomegranate genotypes against sunburn and cracking as well as their maturation time was determined. In addition, the relation between earliness and lateness and resistance against sunburn and cracking was investigated. The study was conducted in Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute and 69 pomegranate genotypes were used as material. In the study, the break of wood buds, emergence of first flower buds, first blossoming, maximum blossoming, last blossoming, ripe-ning, yellowing of leaves, and leaves’ falling were detected with phenological observation. Moreover, upon harvest, sunburn and cracking ratios of each genotype were determined. Finally, it was found out that late types are more sensitive against sunburn and cracking compared to the types ripening in early and middle season

Genetic relationships among olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars native to Croatia and Turkey

The aim of the study is to determine genetic diversity and relationships among olive cultivars native to Croatia and Turkey. A total of twenty olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars including fourteen from Croatia and six common cultivars from Turkey were analyzed for genetic diversity and relationships by using six microsatellite markers (DCA05, DCA09, DCA18, GAPU71B, GAPU101, UDO43). The number of polymorphic alleles ranged from 2 (UDO43) to 5 (DCA09), with an average of 3.6 fragments per marker. UPGMA cluster analysis based on simple matching similarity matrix grouped cultivars into three main clusters. Two pairs of cultivars from Croatia ("Buza muska" and "Levantinka"; "VLMD6" and "Drobnica") were thought to be different, although they produced identical SSR profiles. Cluster analysis points to some genetic relationships between Croatian and Turkish olive cultivars. The results also indicate efficiency of SSR markers to evaluate genetic diversity in olive and identify misnamed or synonym individuals

Determination of shape in fruits of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) accessions by using elliptic fourier analysis

SAYINCI, BAHADIR/0000-0001-7148-0855; Akbulut, Mustafa/0000-0003-1028-162XWOS: 000354829200005Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) is an important wild edible fruits naturally grown in black sea region in Turkey. Shape attributes of twenty-one cherry laurel accessions were determined both descriptively and based on elliptic Fourier analysis first time in the literature. in the semantic evaluation, shape of most of the accessions was near to sphere. But, the results of the descriptive data showed that the accessions had different size, shape and gravimetric attributes. the accessions such as 30023, 30024 and 30027 had the highest means as to the gravimetric and size attributes, while the means of the 20043, 30028 and 30030 accessions were found to be the lowest. the sphericity data of 30019, 30028, 30030 and 30033 accessions had the highest means ranged between 96.2 and 97.8%. the cluster test divided the accessions to five subclasses. the genotypes in the 5th cluster had the highest gravimetric and size attributes than the other accessions. While the accessions in the 1 cluster were the highest sphericity mean, they had the lowest gravimetric and size attributes

Comparison of some fruit quality parameters of selected 12 mandarin genotypes from Black Sea region in Turkey

Mandarins are mostlypreferred specie of Citrus genus, andthere has been a continuous rise in consumption and globalmarketing due to having easy-to-peel, attractive flavor, and freshconsumption advantages. However, most of the existing knowledge onquality traits of citrus fruit comes from research conducted on oranges,which are the main products for the citrus juice manufacturing industry.In recent years, mandarin production in Turkey surpassed orange productionand took the first place in citrus production. Mandarins are mostlygrown in the Mediterranean and Aegean Regions of Turkey. Due to suitableclimatic conditions, they are also grown in the microclimatic conditionin Rize province located in the Eastern Black Sea region. In thisstudy, we reported the total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity,and volatiles of 12 Satsuma mandarin genotypes selected from Rizeprovince of Turkey. Considerable differences in the total phenoliccontent, total antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylassay), and fruit volatile constituent were found among the 12 selectedSatsuma mandarin genotypes. The total phenolic content ranged from3.50 to 22.53 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of the fruitsample in the selected mandarin genotypes. The total antioxidant capacitywas the highest in genotype HA2 as 60.40%, and followed by IB (59.15%)and TEK3 (58.36%), respectively. A total of 30 aroma volatiles weredetected from the juice samples of 12 mandarin genotypes by GC/MS,which comprised six alcohols, three aldehydes (including one monoterpene),three esters, one ketone, and one other volatiles. The main volatilecompounds were identified in fruits of all Satsuma mandarin genotypesas alpha-terpineol (0.6-1.88%), linalool (1.1-3.21%),gamma-terpinene (4.41-5.5%), beta-myrcene (0.9-1.6%), dl-limonene (79.71-85.12%), alpha-farnesene (1.1-2.44),and d-germacrene (0.66-1.37%). Limonene accounts formost of the aroma compounds (79.71-85.12%) in fruits of allSatsuma genotypes. The genotypes MP and TEK8 had the highest totalphenolic content, and HA2, IB, and TEK 3 had the highest antioxidantcapacity. The YU2 genotype was found to contain more aroma compoundsthan the other genotypes. The genotypes selected on the basis of theirhigh bioactive content could be used to develop new Satsuma mandarincultivars with high human health promoting contents

Assessment of genetic relationship among male and female fig genotypes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers

Gıda Tarım Ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı TAGEM-14/AR-GE/03Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a traditional crop in Turkey and widely cultivated around the Mediterranean areas. The gynodioecious fig species is present in two sexual forms, i.e. the domesticated fig (female tree) and the caprifig (male tree). Caprifigs are crucial for high quality fig production and breeding while, the studies on assessment of genetic relationship among caprifigs is limited. The aim of this study was to determine genetic diversity among 45 caprifigs and 2 female figs collected from four provinces in Marmara and Aegean Sea Regions of Turkey using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this work, 24 SSR markers were tested, one was monomorphic and the remaining markers amplified 82 alleles. The number of polymorphic alleles per SSR marker ranged from 2 to 7. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) differed from 0.18 to 0.76 and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged between 0.24 and 0.81. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.42 to 0.98. A UPGMA analysis based on Dice similarity matrix clustered fig genotypes into two main groups and similarly, STRUCTURE analysis placed fig genotypes into two different gene pools (K=2). Fig genotypes collected from the same region were not clustered together in a group indicating that the fig genotypes did not cluster on the basis of their collection sites. Our results demonstrated that caprifigs and female figs are not genetically distinct and they clustered together in a group. All fig genotypes had distinct SSR marker profiles suggesting that there were no synonyms or homonyms. These results revealed a high genetic variation among fig genotypes and 23 SSR markers were enough to discriminate all fig genotypes analysed in this study demonstrating that SSR marker system is suitable for genetic analysis in figs

Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils of Nine Plant Species from Asteraceae and Clusiaceae against Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Essential oils obtained from nine different plant species (Achillea coarctata Poir., Achillea gypsicola Hub.-Mor., Artemisia dracunculus L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Helichrysum plicatum Dc., Tanacetum agrophyllum (L.), Taraxacum officinale (L.) (Asteraceae), Hypericum scabrum L. and Hypericum perforatum L. (Clusiaceae)) were tested against adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Results clarified that essential oils of A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, T. agrophyllum, H. scabrum and H. perforatum had highest insecticidal effects on S. granarius adults, compared with the control. Mortality rate of S. granarius adults increased significantly (p<0.01), as the dosage level and/or exposure time increased. Treatments with the essential oils of A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, A. dracunculus, T. agrophyllum, H. scabrum and H. perforatum showed high levels of mortalities in S. granarius adults, when they were applied at the higher tested concentrations (10 & 20 µl) at all post treatment periods or at a moderate concentration (5µl) with a long exposure period (48 or 96 h). The essential oils of A. vulgaris, H. plicatum and T. officinale had either very low or no effects. Mortality percentages of S. granarius adults, after 96 h of exposure at the maximum dose (20 µl essential oil) of A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, A. dracunculus, H. scabrum, H. perforatum, T. agrophyllum, H. plicatum A. vulgaris and T. officinale attained 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 98.99, 83.84, 23.23, and 18.18%, respectively. No mortality was recorded in the control. After 96 h of treatment, highest levels of mortalities (95.96 %) were recorded at the dose of 1 µl essential oil of H. perforatum. They were (84-100 %) at the dose of 5µl of the essential oils of A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, A. dracunculus, T. agrophyllum and H. perforatum, (93.94 %) at the dose of 10 µl for H. scabrum and (83.84 %) at the dose of 20 µl for H. plicatum

The main quality attributes of non-sprayed cherry laurel (laurocerasus officinalis roem.) genotypes

Akbulut, Mustafa/0000-0003-1028-162X; Yildiz, Hilal/0000-0002-7966-455XWOS: 000338930500013Cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis) is naturally growing in black sea region in Turkey and the trees has not been spraying with pesticides. in natural growing conditions, all cherry laurel genotypes particularly fruits are seems resistant against pests. Astringent nature of fruits forms a barrier for pests. A total twelve cherry laurel accessions were harvested at full maturation time from various sites in of district located in eastern black sea region in Turkey. Fruits were analyzed for their total phenolic (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total carotenoid (TC), Vitamin C and for their antioxidant capacity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in fruit flesh extract. Variability among accessions was greatest for total phenol (TP) and total anthocyanins content ranged from 154 to 213 mg GAE per 100 g and 397 to 519 mg per 100 g. the results indicated that cherry laurel fruits are superior and unique in terms of bioactive content in particular compared to bioactive rich fruit species

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Pulp and Seed Extracts of Different Clones of the Turkish Grape Cultivar ‘Karaerik’

The Erzincan plain is one of the richest regions in Turkey in terms of plant biodiversity. In this region, the famous grape cultivar ‘Karaerik’ has always dominated grape production due to its berry characteristics. The cultivar shows great morphological variation at clonal level. In this study, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of peel, pulp and seed extracts of nine ‘Karaerik’ clones sampled from same location were investigated. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content of peel, pulp and seed extracts of nine clones. To determine antioxidant activity, three well known assays such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) were used. In addition, the correlation between total phenol content and DPPH, FRAP and TEAC was determined. Results showed that among the tissues, seed samples in berries of all clones had the highest total phenol content and antioxidant activity determined by three assays. Seed samples were followed by peel and pulp for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Among the nine ‘Karaerik’ clones, Clone 8 had the highest total phenolic content (149 mg GAE/100 g FW) while Clone 3 had the lowest (111 mg GAE/100 g FW). Peel, pulp and seed samples of nine ‘Karaerik’ clones showed strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays. In particular, grape seeds were found rich for better in phenolic compounds including gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid. Clones such as 7, 8 and 9 higher antioxidant activity may present great potential for grape breeders and the food industry as well as healthconscious consumers

Nutraceutical and functional properties of peel, pulp, and seedextracts of six ‘Köhnü’ grape clones

Grape production has a long history in the Elazig province and surrounding vicinity andproduced grapes have been used for table consumption and also processed into traditional beverages, ̧Sıra (special non-alcoholic grape juice) and wine. In the Elazig province, the main grape cultivars are‘A ̆gın Beyazı’, ‘Öküzgözü’, ‘Bo ̆gazkere’, ‘ ̧Silfoni’, ‘Tahannebi’, and ‘Köhnü’. Among them, ‘Köhnü’cultivar is highly preferred by consumers due to its black color and perfect berry characteristics. Thecultivar has grown for centuries in different parts of Elazig and shows a great variability for mostof its morphological and biochemical characteristics. In the present study, we aimed to determinemorphological and biochemical traits in six ‘Köhnü’ clones sampled from Elazı ̆g. The cluster weightof six clones was found between 334–394 g. The highest total phenolic content was observed inseeds followed by peel and pulp samples. The seed extract of Clone 2 had the highest total phenoliccontent at 254 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g fresh weight. The results also showed that peel, pulp,and seed samples of ‘Köhnü’ grape clones had considerable amounts of antioxidant componentsdetermined by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power),and TEAC assays and might be rich sources of natural antioxidants. Among the six ‘Köhnü’ clones,Clone 3, and Clone 6 differed from the others in respect to the highest cluster weight, the highestconcentrations of total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The results also implied thatall clones could be used potentially as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as apossible pharmaceutical supplement

Foliar spray of Si and Ti nanoparticles affected enzymatic antioxidants in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Some beneficial nanoparticles such as silicon and titanium are encouraging in foliar feeding due to their large surface area and biocompatible properties. In current experiment, seedling of rapeseed varieties (‘Hydromel’, ‘Nathalie’, ‘Alonso’) was sprayed with titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (Ti and Si-NPs) and then responses of some enzymatic antioxidant and plasma membrane integrity were evaluated. Foliar application of Si-NPs significantly increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase compared to the control, in all three varieties. Spray of both Ti and Si-NPs increased guaiacol peroxidase activity in ‘Nathalie’ and ‘Alonso’ varieties while in ‘Hydromel’ only Si-NPs spray had positive effects on activity this antioxidant. Behaviors of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes under different foliar treatments and in varieties were different, but the highest activity of total SOD isozyme in ‘Hydromel’ and ‘Alonso’ varieties was obtained by foliar application of Si-NPs and Ti-NPs, respectively. The lowest amount of hydrogen peroxide was obtained by foliar application of Ti-NPs. Examination of malondialdehyde (MDA) also showed that the most vulnerable membrane belonged to ‘Hydromel’ variety and foliar application of Si-NPs and Ti-NPs could improve membrane integrity. These results suggest that foliar application of both Si-NPs and Ti-NPs improves the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), although the response of the enzymatic antioxidants was largely influenced by the variety