Comparison of the effects of vaginal royal jelly and vaginal estrogen on quality of life, sexual and urinary function in postmenopausal women

Introduction: Several causes can disturb the quality of life in postmenopausal women. Stress, urinary incontinence is one of the factors that can influence the quality of life of women, since they evade social activities and limit their behavior. Vulvovaginal disorders adversely impacts sexual action, psychosocial health, and partner relationships. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the therapeutic properties of vaginal cream of royal jelly and estrogen on quality of life, sexual and urinary problems in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial that was done on 90 married postmenopausal women 50 to 65-year-old. A total of 90 women were randomly distributed to three groups and were treated with vaginal cream of royal jelly 15%, lubricant, and conjugated estrogens for three months. Before and after intervention, quality of life and vaginal cytology were evaluated. Data was analysed by SPSS 16 using ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The results expressed that vaginal royal jelly is considerably more effective than conjugated estrogens and lubricant in improvement of quality of life and sexual and urinary function in postmenopausal women (p<0.05). Results of Pap smear showed that improvement of vaginal atrophy in conjugated estrogens group was better than other groups (p<0.001), and there was no significant difference between lubricant and royal jelly groups (p=0.89). Conclusion: The effectiveness of vaginal royal jelly in treatment of sexual and urinary problems of postmenopausal women is related to its estrogenic properties and could be suitable in promotion of life quality in postmenopausal women. © 2016, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. All rights reserved

Natural convection heat transfer under constant heat flux wall in a nanofluid filled annulus enclosure

In this investigation, the Control Volume based Finite Element Method (CVFEM) is used to simulate the natural convection heat transfer of Cu–water nanofluid in an annulus enclosure. The Maxwell–Garnetts (MG) and Brinkman models are also employed to estimate the effect of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid. The governing parameters are the Rayleigh number, nanoparticle volume fraction and the aspect ratio (ratio of the outer radius to the inner one). Results are presented in the form of isotherms, streamlines, local and average Nusselt numbers. The results indicate that increment of the aspect ratio increases the value of average Nusselt number. Moreover, the angle of turn for the boundary condition of the inner cylinder significantly affects the values of local Nusselt number, average Nusselt number, streamlines and isotherms

Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Strains in the North‑West and West of Iran

Background: Identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) transmission type is a key step in the control of this disease. Aim: This study aimed to determine the path and transmission type of MTB and the insertion sequence IS6110 band number and verify their relationship to demographic and clinical risk factors. Subjects and Methods: In this cross‑sectional study, 64 MTB patients from three border provinces of Iran were selected after full clinical history and physical evaluation design. The drug susceptibility testing was carried out using the standard proportion technique on sputum samples. Isolates tested with restriction fragment length polymorphism technique used IS6110. Results: Recent transmission of disease was 33/50 (66%) based on clustering rate. The IS6110 band number had a significant relationship with drug resistance detected in proportion method tested by univariate linear regression (P &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, the IS6110 band number had association with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination history (P = 0.02), sex (P &lt; 0.01), and purified protein derivative (PPD) reaction size (P &lt; 0.01) tested by multiple analysis. The risk of recent transmission inferred from the clustering rate was significantly higher in patients from Western provinces compared to those from the North‑West province (P = 0.048). However, age (P = 0.39), gender (P = 0.16), vaccination history (P = 0.57), drug susceptibility, and PPD (P = 0.6) were independent of clustering. The largest cluster of up to six subjects was found in the Western provinces.Conclusion: Recent MTB transmission was much more common in the West compared to the North‑West of Iran. Large MTB clusters with strong epidemiological links may be reflective of a disease outbreak. Correlation noted between the IS6110 band number and vaccination history; PPD size and female gender necessitates further studies.Keywords: Molecular epidemiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Polymorphism, Restriction fragment lengt

СРАВНЕНИЕ МЕТОДОВ СТЕГАНОГРАФИИ В ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯХ

Steganography is a method of hiding information in other information of different format (container). There are many steganography techniques with various types of container. In the Internet, digital images are the most popular and frequently used containers. We consider main image steganography techniques and their advantages and disadvantages. We also identify the requirements of a good steganography algorithm and compare various such algorithms.Стеганография – это метод сокрытия информации в объектах различных форматов (кон-тейнерах). Существует большое разнообразие методов для конкретных контейнеров, в которые скрытно записывается информация. Наиболее часто в качестве контейнера используются цифровые изображения, которые без искажений могут пересылаться по компьютерным сетям. Исследуется основная методика стеганографии, ее сильные и слабые стороны. Дается сравнительная оценка основных алгоритмов стеганографии

Secure communication with steganography techniques

In the past people used hidden tattoos or invisible ink to transmit secret message. Today computer and network technologies provide easy to use communication channels. The difficulties in ensuring communication security become in network technologies increasingly challenging. Communication security is an application layer technology to guard any transmitted secret message against unwanted disclosure as well as to protect the data from unauthorized modification while in transit

Ап Efficient data hiding Scheme Using Discrete Wavelet Transform

Information hiding based on digital images is still the mainstream now. This article represents a new hiding method based on propability of block in frequency domain, we apply discrete wavelet transform through lifting scheme on cover image then divided subband LH to nun overloaping blocks. Each bit of secret message embedded in cover image with modified entensity value of each block. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust to common image processing attack like filtering, image compression attack and addaptive noise