Species Combinations; Polyculture, İntegrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, And Aquaponics As The Sustainable Aquaculture Practice

Abstract Sustainability refers to the ability of a society, an ecosystem, or an ongoing system to continue to function for generations to come without depleting its essential resources. Although the idea of sustainability is simple, its implementation is challenging in today's conditions due to economic reasons and various conflicts of interest. But implementing a sustainable system and setting standards is very important for future generations and the future of our world. Aquaculture is a sustainable strategic sector that contributes significantly to food security and promotes economic development. It provides employment and production in an environmentally compatible manner with the right technologies. For this reason, researchers and employees in the sector have given importance to sustainable fisheries research that they have been conducting on a global scale and with environmentalist approaches in recent years and have focused on innovative solutions. At the beginning of these innovative solutions are polyculture and integrated multitrophic aquaculture studies, which include species combinations. In addition, aquaponics systems, it has succeeded to be among the subjects that researchers and those working in the sector have worked on intensively in recent years. This study aims to provide information about polyculture integrated multitrophic aquaculture, aquaponics, and sustainable aquaculture studies

The Efficacy of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla l.) Oil as a Promising Anaesthetic Agent for Two Freshwater Aquarium Fish Species

The efficacy of anesthetic chamomile oil (from Matricaria chamomilla L.) was evaluated in two freshwater aquarium fish species, Electric Blue Hap (Sciaenochromis fryeri) and Yellow Princess (Labidochromis caeruleus). Fish were exposed to ten concentrations of anesthetic (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 ml/L). The optimal doses identified as 0.6 ml/L for deep anesthesia (A5) for both two species. The minimal sedative dose at the stage of loss of equilibrium (A3) was found to be 0.3 ml/L. The induction time generally decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of chamomile oil for all treatment groups. Recovery time tended to increase with increased chamomile oil at concentrations lower than 0.7 ml/L, but after this concentration it decreased. Chamomile oil proved to be effective as an anesthetic for both ornamental fish species. These findings suggest that chamomile oil is a promising anesthetic agent for aquaculture. However, further studies should be focused on species based investigations on the effect of temperature, transfer of fish, and their effect on antioxidant and oxidant status, in order to gather further information

Anesthetic Efficiency of Three Medicinal Plant Oils for Aquatic Species: Coriander Coriandrum sativum, Linaloe Tree Bursera delpechiana, and Lavender Lavandula hybrida

This study evaluated the potential of three essential oils (EOs) that were obtained from coriander Coriandrum sativum (CEO), linaloe tree Bursera delpechiana (BEO), and lavender Lavandula hybrida (LEO) as anesthetic agents. Convict Cichlids Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Gunther 1867) were exposed to eight concentrations of anesthetic (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mu L/L). After exposure to the anesthetic, the fish were transferred to clean water to recover. All of the EOs produced an anesthetic effect after exposure to the compounds for 30 min at the minimal effective concentration (MEC), which was identified according to deep anesthesia (A(5) < 3 min) and full recovery (R-3 < 5 min) times. At 50 and 75 mu L/L, the total loss of equilibrium was not observed for all tested EOs. The total loss of reflex was induced at a faster rate with higher concentrations of anesthetic in all groups. The recovery time generally increased as the concentration of the anesthetic increased. These findings suggest that CEO, BEO, and LEO are all novel potential anesthetics for aquaculture, and the optimal concentrations were identified as 150 mu L/L (A(5); 156 +/- 1.7 s and R-3; 165 +/- 2.9 s), 125 mu L/L (A(5); 176 +/- 3.5 s; R-3; 125 +/- 2.0 s), and 200 mu L/L (A(5); 20.1 +/- 2.4 s and R-3; 162 +/- 3.4 s), respectively. When considering the active ingredients of EOs, this study also demonstrated that future studies should be focused on the major components such as linalyl acetate, 1.8-cineole, alpha-pinene, geraniol, and linalool. Their synergistic effects should be examined in herbal anesthetic treatments, since new commercial anesthetics will likely contain them

The Effects of Probiotic-Prebiotic on the Biomass and Protein Content of Spirulina platensis in Different Temperatures and Illuminations

The blue-green algae Spirulina platensis Geitler 1925 has been used by people since ancient times due to its high protein content. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a Probiotic-Prebiotic (P-P) product, which contains Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium thermophilum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides as probiotic bacteria, and beta-glucan and oligosaccharide as a prebiotic mixture on S. platensis. In the study, four groups were one of which was a control. In this study, we investigated whether the P-P product contributed to the biomass development and protein production of S. platensis under different temperatures and lighting conditions. In terms of biomass, the P-P product gave different responses at different temperatures and light intensities, but its results were positive in all groups in terms of protein ratio. The most positive effect on biomass and protein content was in the group where 0.1 ml/L P-P product was added, at 40??C and 3200 lux with 68.71% protein content and an average OD of 0.727

Anesthetic Efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil as a Herbal Agent in Two Ornamental Fish Species

The efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (CcEO) as a herbal anesthetic agent was evaluated for two ornamental fish species, Sciaenochromis fryeri and Labidochromis caeruleus. Fish were exposed to various essential oil concentrations and the lowest effective concentrations were determined according to deep anesthesia (AD<3 min) and full recovery (RF<10 min) times. CcEO showed anesthetic traits and induced AD in S. fryeri and L. caeruleus. The lowest effective concentrations was 200 μl/L for S. fryeri (AD; RF → 122 ± 1.8 s; 638 ± 8.9 s) and 200 μl/L for L. caeruleus (AD ; RF → 139 ± 6.9 s ; 625 ± 11.1 s). At concentration of 25 μl/L C. citratus essential oil did not induce AD in both of ornamental fish species. No significant differences were found between fish species in terms of induction and recovery times for same concentrations excluding AD time of 200 μl/L concentration. Although the fastest AD were obtained by 300 μl/L, recovery times were prolonged and fish did not full recover in 20 min. Induction and recovery times for CcEO were significantly dependent on concentrations and negative relationships were recorded between AD and RF. Neither mortality nor adverse effects were observed on two fish species. As a result, CcEO showed anesthetic properties for S. fryeri and L. caeruleus