3,360 research outputs found
Ramy prawne referendum w irańskim kontekście konstytucyjnym
In democratic regimes, the participation of citizens in the enforcement of political power constitutes the keystone of the legitimacy of sovereignty. Allowing and valuing the popular will in the political management of a country is necessary for the continuation of the legitimacy of sovereignty. Hence, political systems are still exploring the methods of establishing direct democracy in parallel to representative democracy. Referendum is a form of establishing direct democracy that is based on public votes on political and legal affairs. The legal organization of different kinds of direct democracy is explained in the constitutions. Among the methods of direct democracy, only referendums on the amendment of the constitution, political referendums, and legislative referendums have been recognized in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although a referendum on the establishment of the Islamic Republic political system and a referendum on the amendment of the Constitution have been held in the legal history of Iran, no legislative referendum has been conducted so far. Senior state officials may propose a referendum and referendums can be held on special and critically important occasions. Regarding the theocratic nature of the Iranian political system, the validity of referendums is contingent upon non-contradiction between the subject of the referendum and the principles of Islamic law. This article explores the legal dimensions of conducting referendums in the Iranian constitutional context with a descriptive-analytical approach.W reżimach demokratycznych udział obywateli w egzekwowaniu władzy politycznej stanowi podstawę suwerenności. Zezwolenie i docenienie woli ludu w politycznym zarządzaniu krajem jest konieczne dla utrzymania legitymacji suwerenności. Dlatego systemy polityczne wciąż badają metody ustanowienia demokracji bezpośredniej równolegle z demokracją przedstawicielską. Referendum jest formą ustanowienia demokracji bezpośredniej opartej na głosowaniu publicznym w sprawach politycznych i prawnych. Prawna organizacja różnych rodzajów demokracji bezpośredniej jest wyjaśniona w konstytucjach. Wśród metod demokracji bezpośredniej tylko referenda w sprawie zmiany konstytucji, referendum polityczne i referendum legislacyjne zostały uznane w Konstytucji Islamskiej Republiki Iranu. Chociaż w prawnej historii Iranu odbyło się referendum w sprawie ustanowienia systemu politycznego Republiki Islamskiej i referendum w sprawie zmiany Konstytucji, jak dotąd nie przeprowadzono referendum legislacyjnego. Wyżsi urzędnicy państwowi mogą zaproponować referendum, a referenda mogą odbywać się w wyjątkowych i niezwykle ważnych sytuacjach. Jeśli chodzi o teokratyczny charakter irańskiego systemu politycznego, ważność referendum zależy od braku sprzeczności między przedmiotem referendum a zasadami prawa islamskiego. W tym artykule zbadano prawne wymiary przeprowadzania referendów w irańskim kontekście konstytucyjnym, stosując podejście opisowo-analityczne
Reentrant phase transition of Born-Infeld-dilaton black holes
We explore a novel reentrant phase transition of four-dimensional
Born-Infeld-dilaton black hole in which the first order phase transition modify
into a zeroth order phase transition below the critical point. Working in the
extended phase space with regarding the cosmological constant as a pressure, we
study the reentrant behavior of phase transition in the canonical ensemble. We
show that these black holes enjoy a zeroth order intermediate-small black hole
phase transition as well as a first order phase transition between small and
large black holes for a narrow range of temperatures and pressures. We also
find that the standard first order small-large black hole phase transition can
modify into a zeroth order type. This zeroth order phase transition stands
between the critical point and the first order phase transition region. We
discuss the significant effect of the scalar field (dilaton) on the mentioned
interesting treatment.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. A section added. Accepted in EPJ
Criticality and extended phase space thermodynamics of AdS black holes in higher curvature massive gravity
Considering de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley theory of massive gravity coupled with
(ghost free) higher curvature terms arisen from the Lovelock Lagrangian, we
obtain charged AdS black hole solutions in diverse dimensions. We compute
thermodynamic quantities in the extended phase space by considering the
variations of the negative cosmological constant, Lovelock coefficients
() and massive couplings (), and prove that such variations
is necessary for satisfying the extended first law of thermodynamics as well as
associated Smarr formula. In addition, by performing a comprehensive thermal
stability analysis for the topological black hole solutions, we show in what
regions thermally stable phases exist. Calculations show the results are
radically different from those in Einstein gravity. Furthermore, we investigate
criticality of massive charged AdS black holes in higher dimensions,
including the effect of higher curvature terms and massive parameter, and find
that the critical behavior and phase transition can happen for non-compact
black holes as well as spherically symmetric ones. The phase structure and
critical behavior of topological AdS black holes are drastically restricted by
the geometry of event horizon. In this regard, the universal ratio, i.e.
, is a function of the event horizon topology. It
is shown the phase structure of AdS black holes with non-compact (hyperbolic)
horizon could give birth to three critical points corresponds to a reverse van
der Waals behavior for phase transition which is accompanied with two distinct
van der Waals phase transitions. For black holes with spherical horizon, the
van der Waals, reentrant and analogue of solid/liquid/gas phase transitions are
observed.Comment: 36 pages, 22 Figure
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