The possibility of use of solar energy in the southeastern part of Western Siberia

The article presents the results of a study of the regime of solar radiation in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. To characterize the regime of solar radiation, long-term observational data on actinometrical and meteorological stations were used. The dependence of the total annual global radiation on latitude received. The dependence of the sunshine duration on latitude it gives. The potential amount of total solar radiation per year under average conditions cloud cover and atmospheric transparency considered. Common regularities of solar radiation arriving to the slopes of varying steepness and exposure can be distinguished in mountainous areas. On the basis of the potential arriving of the total solar radiation in the southern part of Western Siberia we can distinguish three latitude zones

Operator Approach to the Master Equation for the One-Step Process

Presentation of the probability as an intrinsic property of the nature leads researchers to switch from deterministic to stochastic description of the phenomena. The procedure of stochastization of one-step process was formulated. It allows to write down the master equation based on the type of of the kinetic equations and assumptions about the nature of the process. The kinetics of the interaction has recently attracted attention because it often occurs in the physical, chemical, technical, biological, environmental, economic, and sociological systems. However, there are no general methods for the direct study of this equation. Leaving in the expansion terms up to the second order we can get the Fokker-Planck equation, and thus the Langevin equation. It should be clearly understood that these equations are approximate recording of the master equation. However, this does not eliminate the need for the study of the master equation. Moreover, the power series produced during the master equation decomposition may be divergent (for example, in spatial models). This makes it impossible to apply the classical perturbation theory. It is proposed to use quantum field perturbation theory for the statistical systems (the so-called Doi method). This work is a methodological material that describes the principles of master equation solution based on quantum field perturbation theory methods. The characteristic property of the work is that it is intelligible for non-specialists in quantum field theory. As an example the Verhulst model is used because of its simplicity and clarity (the first order equation is independent of the spatial variables, however, contains non-linearity). We show the full equivalence of the operator and combinatorial methods of obtaining and study of the one-step process master equation.Comment: in Russian; in Englis

From the Big Bang Theory to the Theory of a Stationary Universe

We consider chaotic inflation in the theories with the effective potentials phi^n and e^{\alpha\phi}. In such theories inflationary domains containing sufficiently large and homogeneous scalar field \phi permanently produce new inflationary domains of a similar type. We show that under certain conditions this process of the self-reproduction of the Universe can be described by a stationary distribution of probability, which means that the fraction of the physical volume of the Universe in a state with given properties (with given values of fields, with a given density of matter, etc.) does not depend on time, both at the stage of inflation and after it. This represents a strong deviation of inflationary cosmology from the standard Big Bang paradigm. We compare our approach with other approaches to quantum cosmology, and illustrate some of the general conclusions mentioned above with the results of a computer simulation of stochastic processes in the inflationary Universe.Comment: No changes to the file, but original figures are included. They substantially help to understand this paper, as well as eternal inflation in general, and what is now called the "multiverse" and the "string theory landscape." High quality figures can be found at http://www.stanford.edu/~alinde/LLMbigfigs

ЭКСПЕДИЦИОННЫЕ РАДИОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ЯПОНСКОМ МОРЕ И СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОЙ ЧАСТИ ТИХОГО ОКЕАНА ПОСЛЕ АВАРИИ НА ЯПОНСКОЙ АЭС «ФУКУСИМА-1»: ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

In the period from April 22 until May 20, 2011, an expedition aboard the research vessel “Pavel Gordienko” (Russian Federation) was carried out to the Sea of Japan and the Kuril-Kamchatka region of the Pacific Ocean. The main aim of the expedition was to study radioactive contamination of the atmospheric air and sea water after the accident at the NPP “Fukushima-1” in Japan. This paper provides preliminary results on the activity concentration of 137Cs and 134Cs in twenty four samples of sea water. The activity concentrations of 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs, and 7Be for twenty nine samples of atmospheric aerosols, which were sampled during the expedition, are also given. Despite the preliminary character of the results of this study, a generic conclusion on a negligible radiological impact of the anthropogenic gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides for the Far-Eastern sea areas of Russia can be reached. The investigations have been supported by a grant from the Russian Geographical Society.В период с 22 апреля по 20 мая 2011 г. на научно-исследовательском судне «Павел Гордиенко» (Российская Федерация) было проведено экспедиционное обследование Японского моря и Курило-Камчатского района Тихого океана. Основной целью экспедиции являлось исследование радиоактивного загрязнения воздушной и водной среды после аварии на АЭС «Фукусима-1» в Японии. В данной статье представлены предварительные результаты оценки содержания 137Cs и 134Cs в двадцати четырех пробах морской воды. Кроме этого, даны результаты определения содержания 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs, и 7Be в двадцати девяти пробах атмосферных аэрозолей, отобранных в рейсе. Несмотря на предварительный характер полученных результатов, проведенные исследования позволяют прийти к общему заключению о пренебрежимо малом влиянии изученных техногенных гамма-излучающих радионуклидов на радиационную обстановку в районах российского побережья Дальнего Востока. Грант на проведение исследований был выделен Попечительским советом Русского географического общества

Streptozotocin model of stable diabetes mellitus

Aim: to create a model of stable experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) in laboratory rats using streptozotocin (STZ).Materials and methods. The dynamics of changes in glycemia and survival in 60 Wistar rats was determined. STZ at a dosage of 70 mg/kg was administered to these rats in two ways: once and fractionally (within 5 days).Results. After a single injection of the STZ, 6 out of 30 rats (20%) died, in 7 cases (23.3%) a spontaneous reversion of the diabetic status occurred and in 17 animals (56.6%) the DM remained stable throughout the observation period (8 weeks). After the fractional administration of the STZ no mortality was observed. Spontaneous reversal of DM occurred only in 2 of 30 rats (6.6% of cases). In other 28 animals hyperglycemia was stable until the end of the experiment. It is important to note that in all rats with a stable course of DM, the level of glycemia after 2 weeks after the injection of the STZ was at least 20 mmol/l.Conclusion. Fractional intraperitoneal injection of STZ has an obvious advantage compared with a single injection, providing 100% survival and stable course of DM in 93.4%. The main criterion for a stable course of experimental DM is the level of hyperglycemia not less than 20 mmol/l after 2 weeks after intraperitoneal administration of STZ