Pendugaan Parameter Deret Waktu Hidden Markov Hamilton*

Pendugaan parameter untuk model deret waktu Hidden Markov Hamilton (1994) dilakukan mengunakan Metode Maximum Likelihood dan pendugaan ulang menggunakan metode Expectation Maximization. Dari kajian ini diperoleh algoritma untuk menduga parameter model

Uji Saring Antigen dan Antibodi Hepatitis C Virus pada Darah Donor

According to the data from Central Blood Transfusion Unit, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in blood donors in Indonesia and especially Jakarta in 2012 were 0.39% and 0.36% respectively. Screening of blood donor may reduce the risk of HCV transmission. Aim of this study was to know the sensitivity and specificity of the antigen-antibody serology A local of test compared to Nucleic Acid Test (NAT), should 99.8 % sensitivity and 95% specificity. 135 samples were included, 35 samples NAT HCV positive and 100 samples negative. These samples will be screened by Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) anti HCV, HCV Ag-Ab by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and if there were differences results of NAT HCV, HCV CMIA and ELISA HCV Ag-Ab, the samples were examined using immunoblot HCV. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results also, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples, the results showed 3 reactive and 97 non reactive. Moreover, the 35 HCV RNA positive samples were tested by anti-HCV CMIA showing the reactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples, the results showed 11 reactive and 89 non reactive. Sensitivity of CMIA and NAT was 100%, specificity 89%. Sensitivity of Ag-Ab ELISA and NAT was 100% and specificity 97%. We concluded that the analysis of HCV by ELISA meets the standard criteria for screening of donor blood but not for CMIA.Keywords : Hepatitis C, Anti-HCV, HCV Ab-Ag, NATAbstrakBerdasarkan data dari Unit Transfusi Darah Pusat, prevalensi hepatitis C virus (HCV) pada darah donor di Indonesia dan Jakarta pada khususnya tahun 2012 adalah 0,39% dan 0,36%. Uji saring darah donor dapat menurunkan risiko tertular HCV. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pemeriksaan serologi antigen-antibodi yang memenuhi standard metoda NAT, sensitivitas 99,8% dan spesifisitas 95%. Pemeriksaan 135 darah donor, terdiri dari 35 positif dan 100 negatif dengan NAT HCV, yang diuji saring anti-HCV dengan CMIA, Ab-Ag HCV dengan ELISA dan bila ada perbedaan hasil antara NAT HCV, CMIA HCV dan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV, maka dilakukan pemeriksaan menggunakan imunoblot HCV. Dari 135 sampel, hasil ELISA Ag-Ab HCV terhadap 35 sampel positif RNA HCV juga menunjukkan hasil positif pada seluruhnya, tetapi pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 3 sampel reaktif dan 97 non reaktif. Hasil pemeriksaan CMIA anti-HCV pada 35 sampel positif RNA HCV menunjukkan reaktif pada 35 sampel dan pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 11 reaktif dan 89 non reaktif. Sensitivitas CMIA dengan NAT HCV 100%, spesifisitasnya 89%. Sensitivitas ELISA dengan NAT HCV 100%, spesifisitasnya 97%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah pemeriksaan Antigen-Antibodi HCV ELISA memenuhi kriteria standar untuk digunakan sebagai uji saring darah donor sedangkan pemeriksaan Antibodi HCV CMIA tidak memenuhi kriteria standar sebagai uji saring darah donor.Kata kunci : Hepatitis C, Anti-HCV, Ab-Ag HCV, NA

Karakteristik dan studi Kasus penerimaan mi sagu oleh masyarakat di Sulawesi Selatan=Characteristics And Case Study Of Saga Noodle\u27s Acceptability By Consumer In South Sulawesi

. . Noodle is the most popular product for the Indonesian people. It could be served conveniently without inferior image. Development of transparent noodle would promote consumption of saga Therefore, sago image as staple food would increase as superior as rice grain or wheat. The objectives of the research were to evaluate transparent noodle quality made from two types of sago starches and their acceptability by consumer (case: South Sulawesi). Noodle was prepared by mixing the thy sago starch with "binder" (completely gelatinized starch and additive) into dough. The dough was pressed manually through a container with holes in the base. Wet noodle was boiled in water and taken out of the water as soon as the strand floated, and were immediately transferred into cold water, and held before draining. Vegetable oil was added to avoid sticking. Sago (Metroxylon sago) starch were obtained from Pancasan Bogor and Palopo South Sulawesi, respectively. Noodle was then analyzed for quality and introduced to the consumers in South Sulawesi. They were represented by elementary school students (n=40), adults (n=40) and housewife (n=28). The result indicated that the physical characteristics of sago starch originated from Pancasan Bogor and Palopo were alike. However, they were different in term of starch pasting characteristics. Based on its raw material, Palopo starch showed the highest yield. Consumer\u27s acceptability study indicated that transparent sago noodle was well accepted by more than 70% of consumers. The product contributed approximately of 7% of the daily calory intake (based on 2000 kkal RDI for Indonesian). Key words: sago starch, noodl

Avian Influenza H5N1 Transmission in Households, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Disease transmission patterns are needed to inform public health interventions, but remain largely unknown for avian influenza H5N1 virus infections. A recent study on the 139 outbreaks detected in Indonesia between 2005 and 2009 found that the type of exposure to sources of H5N1 virus for both the index case and their household members impacted the risk of additional cases in the household. This study describes the disease transmission patterns in those outbreak households. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We compared cases (n = 177) and contacts (n = 496) in the 113 sporadic and 26 cluster outbreaks detected between July 2005 and July 2009 to estimate attack rates and disease intervals. We used final size household models to fit transmission parameters to data on household size, cases and blood-related household contacts to assess the relative contribution of zoonotic and human-to-human transmission of the virus, as well as the reproduction number for human virus transmission. The overall household attack rate was 18.3% and secondary attack rate was 5.5%. Secondary attack rate remained stable as household size increased. The mean interval between onset of subsequent cases in outbreaks was 5.6 days. The transmission model found that human transmission was very rare, with a reproduction number between 0.1 and 0.25, and the upper confidence bounds below 0.4. Transmission model fit was best when the denominator population was restricted to blood-related household contacts of index cases. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The study only found strong support for human transmission of the virus when a single large cluster was included in the transmission model. The reproduction number was well below the threshold for sustained transmission. This study provides baseline information on the transmission dynamics for the current zoonotic virus and can be used to detect and define signatures of a virus with increasing capacity for human-to-human transmission

Karakteristik dan Studi Kasus Penerimaan Mi Sagu oleh Masyarakat di Sulawesi Selatan (Characteristics and Case Study of Sago Noodle's Acceptability by Consumer in South Sulawesi)

Noodle is the most popular product for the Indonesian people. It could be served conveniently without inferior image. Development of transparent noodle would promote consumption of saga Therefore, sago image as staple food would increase as superior as rice grain or wheat. The objectives of the research were to evaluate transparent noodle quality made from two types of sago starches and their acceptability by consumer (case: South Sulawesi). Noodle was prepared by mixing the thy sago starch with "binder" (completely gelatinized starch and additive) into dough. The dough was pressed manually through a container with holes in the base. Wet noodle was boiled in water and taken out of the water as soon as the strand floated, and were immediately transferred into cold water, and held before draining. Vegetable oil was added to avoid sticking. Sago (Metroxylon sago) starch were obtained from Pancasan Bogor and Palopo South Sulawesi, respectively. Noodle was then analyzed for quality and introduced to the consumers in South Sulawesi. They were represented by elementary school students (n=40), adults (n=40) and housewife (n=28). The result indicated that the physical characteristics of sago starch originated from Pancasan Bogor and Palopo were alike. However, they were different in term of starch pasting characteristics. Based on its raw material, Palopo starch showed the highest yield. Consumer's acceptability study indicated that transparent sago noodle was well accepted by more than 70% of consumers. The product contributed approximately of 7% of the daily calory intake (based on 2000 kkal RDI for Indonesian)

Effect of Knowledge of Prospective Bride and Groom Before and After Being Given 1000 HPK Nutrition Education Through Presentation Media and Booklets

Introduction: Early stunting prevention efforts must be made to break the chain of stunting spread. Objective: To find out whether there is an effect of knowledge of the prospective bride and groom before and after being given 1000 HPK nutrition education through presentation media and booklets. Method: Pre Experiment design where there is no control variable. This study used a non-randomized one-group pre-post test design, with 26 respondents with various educational backgrounds. Results: Statistical tests showed that there was a significant effect (p-value 0.000) of giving 1000 HPK nutrition education with presentation media and booklets to prospective brides before and after being given treatment. Conclusion: After being given health education, the average knowledge of the prospective bride and groom increased by more than 50% compared to the average before being given 1000 HPK nutrition education

Karakteristik dan Studi Kasus Penerimaan Mi Sagu oleh Masyarakat di Sulawesi Selatan (Characteristics And Case Study Of Sago Noodle\u27s Acceptability By Consumer In South Sulawesi)

Noodle is the most popular product for the Indonesian people. It could be served conveniently without inferior image. Development of transparent noodle would promote consumption of saga Therefore, sago image as staple food would increase as superior as rice grain or wheat. The objectives of the research were to evaluate transparent noodle quality made from two types of sago starches and their acceptability by consumer (case: South Sulawesi). Noodle was prepared by mixing the thy sago starch with "binder" (completely gelatinized starch and additive) into dough. The dough was pressed manually through a container with holes in the base. Wet noodle was boiled in water and taken out of the water as soon as the strand floated, and were immediately transferred into cold water, and held before draining. Vegetable oil was added to avoid sticking. Sago (Metroxylon sago) starch were obtained from Pancasan Bogor and Palopo South Sulawesi, respectively. Noodle was then analyzed for quality and introduced to the consumers in South Sulawesi. They were represented by elementary school students (n=40), adults (n=40) and housewife (n=28). The result indicated that the physical characteristics of sago starch originated from Pancasan Bogor and Palopo were alike. However, they were different in term of starch pasting characteristics. Based on its raw material, Palopo starch showed the highest yield. Consumer\u27s acceptability study indicated that transparent sago noodle was well accepted by more than 70% of consumers. The product contributed approximately of 7% of the daily calory intake (based on 2000 kkal RDI for Indonesian)