Lesões ulcerativas cutâneas em frangos de corte–diagnóstico histopatológico

As lesões ulcerativas na pele de frangos de corte são causas comuns de condenação total ou parcial de carcaças em frigoríficos. O carcinoma dérmico de células escamosas (CDCE) ou querato-acantoma é uma das causas mais freqüentes dessas lesões, sendo de etiologia desconhecida. Por outro lado, lesões ulcerativas macroscopicamente semelhantes às do CDCE e causadas por granulomas do tipo corpo estranho, possivelmente de origem vegetal, vem sendo observadas em aves abatidas em alguns frigoríficos do RG. No presente trabalho, objetiva-se o estudo histopatológico de lesões ulcerativas cutâneas de forma a fornecer subsídios para a determinação da etiologia das mesmas.

In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activities of Eugenia caryophyllata and origanum vulgare against avian Escherichia coli isolates

Background: The use of conventional antibiotics to prevent this infection is a usual in the poultry industry, specially to reduce the mortality associated with colibacillosis. Essential oils have demonstrated broad spectrums in terms of antimicrobial activities against various pathogens, Escherichia coli among them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of avian E. coli strains to Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) and Origanum vulgare (oregano) essential oils, at three different concentrations (2, 5, and 8%), and to the conventional antimicrobials, gentamicin and nalidixic acid. Materials, Methods & Results: Seventeen strains of Escherichia coli isolated from broiler bedding were tested and a standard E. coli strain (ATCC 25922) was used as a susceptibility test control. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from Eugenia caryophyllata and Origanum vulgare, obtained commercially from Laszlo Aromatologia Ltda., was tested in three concentrations (2, 5 and 8%) using the method of disk diffusion on agar according to the M2 - A8 protocol (CLSI, 2003) adapted to plant extracts and to the conventional antimicrobials gentamicin (10 μg) and nalidixic acid (30 μg), commercially obtained from Oxoid. The results showed that the extract from Origanum vulgare had an inhibitory activity on E. coli regardless of its concentration whereas the extract from Eugenia caryophyllata showed antimicrobial activity in 29.4% (5/17) of the isolated strains only at the concentration of 8%. All avian isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (100% of the strains tested); however, only 23.5% (4/17) of the samples were sensitive to nalidixic acid Discussion: The impressive antimicrobial activity of the Origanum vulgare against E. coli avian origin was confirmed in previous studies against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil of Origanum vulgare was more antimicrobial activity that Eugenia caryophyllata. Thymol and carvacrol is main antimicrobial component of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare, being responsible for the distortion to the physical structure of cells, leading to destabilization of the cell membrane, changing its permeability and denaturing essential enzymes. As for, the major constituent of the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata is eugenol, and their pharmacological effects depend on the concentration of free eugenol in living tissue, which may account for the better antimicrobial activity in the treatment with 8% of this extract. All the strains tested in this study were sensitive to gentamicin, while most of them (80%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. The gentamicin has the highest spectrum of action among aminoglycoside, however, bacteria rapidly acquire plasmidmediated resistance to this ingredient in the presence of selective pressure. The beginning of antimicrobial resistance by zoonotic bacteria has important implications for public health. Data from several researchers suggest that improper selection and disorderly use of conventional antimicrobials can lead to the resistance of various pathogens and, consequently, their access to consumers through foodstuffs. Therefore, the use of Origanum vulgare oil extract was found to be effective on avian E. coli strains and may be an alternative for reducing the losses caused by these bacteria in poultry production whenever a limitation in the use of traditional antibiotics exist

Lesões ulcerativas cutâneas em frangos de corte: estudo histopatológico e epidemiológico

Em função de modificações no processo de criação em escala industrial, associado à expansão do setor avícola nas áreas de genética, nutrição e sanidade, as lesões cutâneas em frangos de corte vêm tornando-se cada vez mais importantes. Na atualidade, as principais doenças que afetam a pele de frangos são a celulite, a varíola aviária, o querato-acantoma (QA) ou carcinoma dérmico de células escamosas (CDCE) e as dermatites inespecíficas, estas últimas geralmente associadas a traumatismos. A classificação das doenças cutâneas é imprecisa, uma vez que os critérios de inspeção tendem a agrupar essas lesões cutâneas nas carcaças de frangos de corte em uma única categoria denominada de “dermatose”. As lesões ulcerativas na pele de frangos de corte são causas comuns de condenação total ou parcial de carcaças em matadouros-frigoríficos. O querato-acantoma é uma das causas mais frequentes dessas lesões, sendo de etiologia desconhecida. Por outro lado, lesões ulcerativas macroscopicamente semelhantes às do querato-acantoma e causadas por granulomas do tipo corpo estranho, possivelmente de origem vegetal, vêm sendo observadas em aves abatidas em alguns matadouros-frigoríficos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Com base nessas premissas, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar histologicamente e analisar os fatores epidemiológicos envolvidos no aparecimento das lesões ulcerativas cutâneas: querato-acantoma e dermatite granulomatosa por corpo estranho (DGCE) em frangos de corte abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos sob inspeção federal e estadual. Foram analisadas 363 amostras com lesões ulcerativas, de um total de 1.373.989 aves visualizadas. Destas, 169 carcaças foram diagnosticadas como querato-acantoma, representando uma prevalência de 0,012% e 210 carcaças foram diagnosticadas como dermatite granulomatosa por corpo estranho, representando 0,015%, A prevalência encontrada no presente trabalho para QA é similar aos valores encontrados por autores, já a prevalência encontrada para DGCE foi superior à relatada em 2004. Se verificou uma maior prevalência de QA em frangos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos sob inspeção federal e mais casos de DGCE nos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos sob inspeção estadual. A localização mais frequente das úlceras foi o dorso para o querato-acantoma e o peito para a DGCE. As lesões ulcerativas disseminadas na carcaça foram 100 % diagnosticadas como querato-acantoma. Macroscopicamente as lesões únicas podem ser tanto diagnósticas para querato-acantoma como dermatite granulomatosa por corpo estranho, sendo necessário o exame histopatológico para o diagnóstico definitivo. Houve grande variabilidade dos fatores epidemiológicos envolvidos no aparecimento de lesões ulcerativas de pele, indicando necessidade de novas análises para aumentar a amostragem das amostras.Due to changes in the husbandry process on an industrial scale, associated with the expansion of the poultry sector in the areas of genetics, nutrition and health, the skin lesions have become increasingly important. At present, the major diseases that affect the skin in broilers are cellulite, fowl pox, the keratoacantoma (KA) or dermal squamous cell carcinoma (DSCC) and nonspecific dermatitis, the latter generally associated with trauma. The classification of skin diseases is inaccurate, since the inspection tend to group these skin lesions in carcasses of broilers in a single category called "dermatosis". The ulcerative skin lesions of broilers are common causes of total or partial condemnation of carcasses in slaughterhouses. The keratoacantoma is one of the most frequent causes of these injuries, and of unknown etiology. On the other hand, ulcerative lesions macroscopically similar to the keratoacantoma and granulomas caused by foreign body, possibly of plant origin, has been observed in some birds slaughtered in slaughterhouse in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Based on these premises, the aim of this study was to histologically evaluate and analyze the epidemiological factors involved in the appearance of ulcerative skin: keratoacantoma and foreign body granulomatous dermatitis (FBGD) in broilers slaughtered in slaughterhouses under federal and state inspection. 363 samples were analyzed with ulcerative lesions, a total of 1,373,989 poultry displayed. Of these, 169 carcasses were diagnosed as keratoacantoma, representing a prevalence of 0.012% and 210 carcasses were diagnosed as granulomatous dermatitis foreign body, representing 0.015%. The prevalence founded in the present work to KA is within the range found by authors in previous works, since the prevalence DSCC was higher than that reported in 2004. There was a higher prevalence of KA in slaughter plants under federal inspection and more cases of DSCC in slaughter plants under state inspection. The most frequent location of ulcers was the back and chest for keratoacantoma for DSCC. Ulcerative lesions disseminated in the housing 100% were diagnosed as keratoacanthoma. Grossly, the lesions can be both unique diagnostic for keratoacanthoma as granulomatous dermatitis, requiring histopathology for definitive diagnosis. With this work, it was concluded that new skin lesions should be analyzed, to increase the sampling of specimens, decreasing the variability among the predisposing skin lesions

Lesões ulcerativas cutâneas em frangos de corte: estudo histopatológico e epidemiológico

Em função de modificações no processo de criação em escala industrial, associado à expansão do setor avícola nas áreas de genética, nutrição e sanidade, as lesões cutâneas em frangos de corte vêm tornando-se cada vez mais importantes. Na atualidade, as principais doenças que afetam a pele de frangos são a celulite, a varíola aviária, o querato-acantoma (QA) ou carcinoma dérmico de células escamosas (CDCE) e as dermatites inespecíficas, estas últimas geralmente associadas a traumatismos. A classificação das doenças cutâneas é imprecisa, uma vez que os critérios de inspeção tendem a agrupar essas lesões cutâneas nas carcaças de frangos de corte em uma única categoria denominada de “dermatose”. As lesões ulcerativas na pele de frangos de corte são causas comuns de condenação total ou parcial de carcaças em matadouros-frigoríficos. O querato-acantoma é uma das causas mais frequentes dessas lesões, sendo de etiologia desconhecida. Por outro lado, lesões ulcerativas macroscopicamente semelhantes às do querato-acantoma e causadas por granulomas do tipo corpo estranho, possivelmente de origem vegetal, vêm sendo observadas em aves abatidas em alguns matadouros-frigoríficos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Com base nessas premissas, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar histologicamente e analisar os fatores epidemiológicos envolvidos no aparecimento das lesões ulcerativas cutâneas: querato-acantoma e dermatite granulomatosa por corpo estranho (DGCE) em frangos de corte abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos sob inspeção federal e estadual. Foram analisadas 363 amostras com lesões ulcerativas, de um total de 1.373.989 aves visualizadas. Destas, 169 carcaças foram diagnosticadas como querato-acantoma, representando uma prevalência de 0,012% e 210 carcaças foram diagnosticadas como dermatite granulomatosa por corpo estranho, representando 0,015%, A prevalência encontrada no presente trabalho para QA é similar aos valores encontrados por autores, já a prevalência encontrada para DGCE foi superior à relatada em 2004. Se verificou uma maior prevalência de QA em frangos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos sob inspeção federal e mais casos de DGCE nos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos sob inspeção estadual. A localização mais frequente das úlceras foi o dorso para o querato-acantoma e o peito para a DGCE. As lesões ulcerativas disseminadas na carcaça foram 100 % diagnosticadas como querato-acantoma. Macroscopicamente as lesões únicas podem ser tanto diagnósticas para querato-acantoma como dermatite granulomatosa por corpo estranho, sendo necessário o exame histopatológico para o diagnóstico definitivo. Houve grande variabilidade dos fatores epidemiológicos envolvidos no aparecimento de lesões ulcerativas de pele, indicando necessidade de novas análises para aumentar a amostragem das amostras.Due to changes in the husbandry process on an industrial scale, associated with the expansion of the poultry sector in the areas of genetics, nutrition and health, the skin lesions have become increasingly important. At present, the major diseases that affect the skin in broilers are cellulite, fowl pox, the keratoacantoma (KA) or dermal squamous cell carcinoma (DSCC) and nonspecific dermatitis, the latter generally associated with trauma. The classification of skin diseases is inaccurate, since the inspection tend to group these skin lesions in carcasses of broilers in a single category called "dermatosis". The ulcerative skin lesions of broilers are common causes of total or partial condemnation of carcasses in slaughterhouses. The keratoacantoma is one of the most frequent causes of these injuries, and of unknown etiology. On the other hand, ulcerative lesions macroscopically similar to the keratoacantoma and granulomas caused by foreign body, possibly of plant origin, has been observed in some birds slaughtered in slaughterhouse in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Based on these premises, the aim of this study was to histologically evaluate and analyze the epidemiological factors involved in the appearance of ulcerative skin: keratoacantoma and foreign body granulomatous dermatitis (FBGD) in broilers slaughtered in slaughterhouses under federal and state inspection. 363 samples were analyzed with ulcerative lesions, a total of 1,373,989 poultry displayed. Of these, 169 carcasses were diagnosed as keratoacantoma, representing a prevalence of 0.012% and 210 carcasses were diagnosed as granulomatous dermatitis foreign body, representing 0.015%. The prevalence founded in the present work to KA is within the range found by authors in previous works, since the prevalence DSCC was higher than that reported in 2004. There was a higher prevalence of KA in slaughter plants under federal inspection and more cases of DSCC in slaughter plants under state inspection. The most frequent location of ulcers was the back and chest for keratoacantoma for DSCC. Ulcerative lesions disseminated in the housing 100% were diagnosed as keratoacanthoma. Grossly, the lesions can be both unique diagnostic for keratoacanthoma as granulomatous dermatitis, requiring histopathology for definitive diagnosis. With this work, it was concluded that new skin lesions should be analyzed, to increase the sampling of specimens, decreasing the variability among the predisposing skin lesions

Unilateral sertolioma as a cause of sudden death by internal bleeding in a Anser cygnoides goose

Um ganso adulto macho (Anser cygnoides), da família Anseriformes, de idade desconhecida, proveniente de uma criação da Universidade Luterana do Brasil, foi encontrado morto, sem apresentar histórico clínico, e foi submetido à investigação post mortem no Setor de Patologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário. Com base nos achados de necropsia e no exame histopatológico, definiu-se como causa da morte do animal hemorragia interna em razão da ruptura de vasos sanguíneos em uma neoplasia no testículo direito (sertolioma), com metástase no fígado.An adult male goose (Anser cygnoides) of unknown age, raised at the Lutheran University of Brazil, was found dead without showing clinical history and was submitted for post mortem investigation in the Department of Pathology of the Veterinary Hospital. From the necropsy and histopathological findings, the cause of death was defined as exsanguination due to intestinal hemorrhage from ruptured vessels in a tumor in the right testis, which also presented hepatic metastasis

Unilateral sertolioma as a cause of sudden death by internal bleeding in a Anser cygnoides goose

Um ganso adulto macho (Anser cygnoides), da família Anseriformes, de idade desconhecida, proveniente de uma criação da Universidade Luterana do Brasil, foi encontrado morto, sem apresentar histórico clínico, e foi submetido à investigação post mortem no Setor de Patologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário. Com base nos achados de necropsia e no exame histopatológico, definiu-se como causa da morte do animal hemorragia interna em razão da ruptura de vasos sanguíneos em uma neoplasia no testículo direito (sertolioma), com metástase no fígado.An adult male goose (Anser cygnoides) of unknown age, raised at the Lutheran University of Brazil, was found dead without showing clinical history and was submitted for post mortem investigation in the Department of Pathology of the Veterinary Hospital. From the necropsy and histopathological findings, the cause of death was defined as exsanguination due to intestinal hemorrhage from ruptured vessels in a tumor in the right testis, which also presented hepatic metastasis

In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activities of Eugenia caryophyllata and origanum vulgare against avian Escherichia coli isolates

Background: The use of conventional antibiotics to prevent this infection is a usual in the poultry industry, specially to reduce the mortality associated with colibacillosis. Essential oils have demonstrated broad spectrums in terms of antimicrobial activities against various pathogens, Escherichia coli among them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of avian E. coli strains to Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) and Origanum vulgare (oregano) essential oils, at three different concentrations (2, 5, and 8%), and to the conventional antimicrobials, gentamicin and nalidixic acid. Materials, Methods & Results: Seventeen strains of Escherichia coli isolated from broiler bedding were tested and a standard E. coli strain (ATCC 25922) was used as a susceptibility test control. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from Eugenia caryophyllata and Origanum vulgare, obtained commercially from Laszlo Aromatologia Ltda., was tested in three concentrations (2, 5 and 8%) using the method of disk diffusion on agar according to the M2 - A8 protocol (CLSI, 2003) adapted to plant extracts and to the conventional antimicrobials gentamicin (10 μg) and nalidixic acid (30 μg), commercially obtained from Oxoid. The results showed that the extract from Origanum vulgare had an inhibitory activity on E. coli regardless of its concentration whereas the extract from Eugenia caryophyllata showed antimicrobial activity in 29.4% (5/17) of the isolated strains only at the concentration of 8%. All avian isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (100% of the strains tested); however, only 23.5% (4/17) of the samples were sensitive to nalidixic acid Discussion: The impressive antimicrobial activity of the Origanum vulgare against E. coli avian origin was confirmed in previous studies against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil of Origanum vulgare was more antimicrobial activity that Eugenia caryophyllata. Thymol and carvacrol is main antimicrobial component of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare, being responsible for the distortion to the physical structure of cells, leading to destabilization of the cell membrane, changing its permeability and denaturing essential enzymes. As for, the major constituent of the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata is eugenol, and their pharmacological effects depend on the concentration of free eugenol in living tissue, which may account for the better antimicrobial activity in the treatment with 8% of this extract. All the strains tested in this study were sensitive to gentamicin, while most of them (80%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. The gentamicin has the highest spectrum of action among aminoglycoside, however, bacteria rapidly acquire plasmidmediated resistance to this ingredient in the presence of selective pressure. The beginning of antimicrobial resistance by zoonotic bacteria has important implications for public health. Data from several researchers suggest that improper selection and disorderly use of conventional antimicrobials can lead to the resistance of various pathogens and, consequently, their access to consumers through foodstuffs. Therefore, the use of Origanum vulgare oil extract was found to be effective on avian E. coli strains and may be an alternative for reducing the losses caused by these bacteria in poultry production whenever a limitation in the use of traditional antibiotics exist