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In Search of the Solar Wind Nitrogen Isotope Composition: Analysis of a Gold Plate from the Genesis Spacecraft Concentrator
We report N isotope analysis of a gold plate from the Genesis spacecraft concentrator. We did not find evidence for a light N component in the solar wind
Effect of Preventive Supplementation with Zinc and other Micronutrients on Non-Malarial Morbidity in Tanzanian Pre-School Children: A Randomized Trial.
The efficacy of preventive zinc supplementation against diarrhea and respiratory illness may depend on simultaneous supplementation with other micronutrients. We aimed to assess the effect of supplementation with zinc and multiple micronutrients on diarrhea and other causes of non-malarial morbidity. Rural Tanzanian children (n = 612) aged 6-60 months and with height-for-age z-score < -1.5 SD were randomized to daily supplementation with zinc (10 mg) alone, multi-nutrients without zinc, multi-nutrients with zinc, or placebo. Children were followed for an average of 45 weeks. During follow-up, we recorded morbidity episodes. We found no evidence that concurrent supplementation with multi-nutrients influenced the magnitude of the effect of zinc on rates of diarrhea, respiratory illness, fever without localizing signs, or other illness (guardian-reported illness with symptoms involving skin, ears, eyes and abscesses, but excluding trauma or burns). Zinc supplementation reduced the hazard rate of diarrhea by 24% (4%-40%). By contrast, multi-nutrients seemed to increase this rate (HR; 95% CI: 1.19; 0.94-1.50), particularly in children with asymptomatic Giardia infection at baseline (2.03; 1.24-3.32). Zinc also protected against episodes of fever without localizing signs (0.75; 0.57-0.96), but we found no evidence that it reduced the overall number of clinic visits. We found no evidence that the efficacy of zinc supplements in reducing diarrhea rates is enhanced by concurrent supplementation with other micronutrients. By reducing rates of fever without localizing signs, supplementation with zinc may reduce inappropriate drug use with anti-malarial medications and antibiotics. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00623857
Argon, krypton, and xenon abundances in the solar wind measured in silicon from the genesis mission
Up to now solar wind (SW) abundances of Kr and Xe
have been exclusively determined using SW irradiated regolith [1]. Hence,
one of Genesis’s major objectives is to obtain the heavy noble gas
composition of the present-day SW using artificial targets exposed to the SW
for 2.5 years. SW abundances will allow to study fractionation processes
upon SW formation, e.g., due to the first ionization potential (FIP-effect) [2].
This is of importance to deduce solar abundances of noble gases and other
elements from SW data. Solar, i.e., photospheric, abundances of noble gases
are indirectly determined due to the lack of suitable lines in the spectrum.
Recently, solar abundance estimates for Ne and Ar were strongly reduced
whereas Kr and Xe changed only slightly [3]. This led to a dramatic decrease
of the solar Ar/Kr ratio by a factor of ~3 from the earlier value [4] of 2140. If
true, this change would invalidate theories of heavy noble gas fractionation in
the SW identified with regolith data [1, 5]. The Kr and Xe composition in
present-day SW will enable us to reassess solar abundances and fractionation
theories. Thus, we concentrate here on abundances of Ar, Kr and Xe in the
bulk SW
Retrospective analysis of molecular scores for the prediction of distant recurrence according to baseline risk factors
This work was funded by grants from Cancer Research UK (programme Grant C569-A16891), the Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and AstraZenec
ER and HER2 expression are positively correlated in HER2 non-overexpressing breast cancer
PMCID: PMC3446380This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
Steps toward accurate large-area analyses of Genesis solar wind samples: evaluation of surface cleaning methods using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
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