Design, Prototype Manufacturing and Performance of a Drone for Vineyard Spraying

The application of pesticides in vinyard areas is of crucial importance for grape yields. Field sprayers and atomizers are commonly used for pesticide applications in vinyards. The aim of this research is to develop a drone that will be an alternative to ground vehicles, to expand its use, to reduce the use of pesticides, as well as safer production with less pesticides in the environment, in vinyards area. In accordance to this purpose, a drone (unmanned aerial vehicle) with 6 motors and a multi-copter system (Hexacopter) was designed and prototype manufactured by using open source software program. The flight tests were carried out in the vineyard areas of Dicle University. In the experiments, water sensitive papers and filter papers were used to measure the amount of trace substance deposite rate and coverage rate. These papers were placed in the upper, middle and lower parts of the vine before started of the tests. Spraying experiments were then carried out at 0.5 ms-1, 1.00 ms-1 and 2 ms-1flight speeds and at different flight altitude such as 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm and different part of vine as upper, middle and lower part. Each test was carried out triplicated. According to results, spray deposition and coverage rates were found to decrease with increased flight speed of drone and flight altitudes. At all flight speeds and altitudes, the highest amount of deposite and coverage rate were found in the upper part of the vine, while this ratio decreased towards the lower region. The increase in the spray altitude was negatively affected the penetration of the droplets into the plant. In general, the best amount of trace material deposite and coverage rate were was obtained at 0.5 ms-1 flight speed of drone, 30 cm flight altitude and upper section of vine. While the amount of deposite in the plant at 0.5 ms-1 flight speed was obtained 19.61 µgcm-2, this value decreased to 11.21 µgcm-2 at 60 cm altitude and 6.05 µgcm-2 at 90 cm flight altitude. As a result, we can argued that droplet distribution will be more homogeneous, droplet deposition effect well, and environmental pollution will be reduced, in the application of the remote-control drone and low ltitude sprayin, it also will play a very important role in the vinyard pest control. &nbsp

Nazal septum deviasyonunun maksiller sinüs hacmine etkisi ve cinsiyet tayini

Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı, konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntülerinde nazal septum deviasyonun maksiller sinüs hacmine olan etkisini ve maksiller sinüs hacminin cinsiyetler arasındaki farkını incelemektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamıza 50 kadın ve 40 erkeğe ait toplam 90 konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüsü dahil edildi. Nazal septum deviasyonunun maksiller sinüs hacmine etkisi incelendi. Maksiller sinüs hacim ve alan ölçümleri yapıldı ve cinsiyetler arası fark değerlendirildi.Bulgular: Çalışmamızda; nazal septum deviasyonu olmayan 41 (%  46), sağa deviasyonu olan 19 (% 21) ve sola deviasyonu olan 30 (% 33) hasta bulunmuştur. Nazal septum deviasyonunun maksiller sinüs hacmi üzerine etkisi bulunmamıştır (p > 0.05). Erkeklerin maksiller sinüs hacmi ve yüzey alanının kadınlarınkine göre anlamlı derecede büyük olduğu saptanmıştır (p < 0.05).Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, nazal septum deviasyonunun maksiller sinüs hacmine etki etmediği ve cinsiyet tayininde, diğer yöntemler mevcut olmadığında, konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi ile elde edilen maksiller sinüs ölçümleri kullanılarak yapılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.ANAHTAR KELİMELER Cinsiyet tayini, KIBT, maksiller sinüs hacmi, nazal septum deviasyon

Mercimek Hasadında Kullanılan Hasat-Harman Yöntemlerinin Yakıt Tüketimi, Ürün Kayıpları ve Kapasitelerine Olan Etkileri

Bu çalışma, Diyarbakır ili Dicle İlçesinde 3 farklı geometrik şekillere sahip ve 3 farklı üreticiye ait Fırat 87 kırmızı mercimek çeşidinin ekili olduğu tarlalarda mercimek hasat sezonunda 24-31 Mayıs 2022 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, üreticiler tarafından yaygın olarak tercih edilen farklı makine tipiyle hasat ve traktörle çekilen harman yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada da arazi şekilleri ve kullanılan makinalara göre dökülme kayıpları, birim alan başına tüketilen yakıt tüketimi miktarı ve makina tarla kapasiteleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, dane kayıp oranı % 7.9-8.69 arasında değişmiştir. Ortalama yakıt tüketimleri tarla şekli ve kullanılan makina yöntemlerinde farklılıklar olmuştur. Yakıt tüketimi değerleri 0.975 l da-1 ile 1.175 l da-1 arasında değişmiştir. Üretim alanı büyük olan tarlada ortalama yakıt tüketimi diğer tarlalara göre daha düşük bulunmuştur. Hasattan sonra tarlada kurumaya bırakılan mercimeğin harmanlanmasında kullanılan makinaların da tarla şekline göre yakıt tüketimleri bakımından değişkenlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Birim alana düşen yakıt tüketiminin artmasında harmanlama makinalarının ağırlığı, tarlaların geometrik şekilleri etkili olmuştur. Harmanlamada en yüksek makine tarla kapasitesi üçüncü yöntem tek bıçaklı parmaklı tip makinanın kullanıldığı yöntem ve alanı küçük olan tarlada 5.25 da/h olarak elde edilirken parmaksız çift bıçaklı makinaların kullanıldığı birinci ve ikinci yöntemler benzerlikler göstererek sırasıyla 3.30 ve 3.69 olarak elde edilmiştir

The comparison of different stubble management systems in terms of fuel, capacity and direct sowing

The stubble that remains on the field after the harvest is burned generally by the farmers in Southeastern Anatolia Region. This study was carried out in order to reduce the problems caused by stubble burning in our country and our region to recommend a wheat harvesting method for farmers. The study that was carried out in 2012 contained two different stubble height and five different stubble management systems. Fuel consumption, field efficiency and the amount of stubble on the field surface were examined in the study. After these applied methods, lentil was directly planted on the harvested areas with a mechanic planter. The effects of the stubble management systems on the rate of seed emergence of lentil were investigated. As a result, the highest fuel consumption was obtained from the system which is making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and removing the straw from the field by trailer attached to the combine-harvester as 29.41 L ha-1 while the highest field efficiency and amount of stubble on the field surface were determined at the system which is harvesting wheat by combine-harvester and leaving the stubble on the field as 1.85 ha h-1 and 3716.43 kg ha-1 respectively. Also the highest rates of seed emergence were obtained from the system which is making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and removing the straw from the field by trailer attached to the combine-harvester as 213.77 number m-2 and from the system making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and spreading the straw to field surface as 203.99 number m-2

TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM

The relation between crop growing and soil tillage treatment are play important role in agricultural production. Soils under conventional tillage (CT) generally have lower bulk density and associated higher total porosity within the plough layer than under no tillage (NT). No-till farming can reduce soil erosion, conserve soil moisture and minimize labor and fuel consumption. The aim of this study were to investigate the effects of conventional, reduced and notillage methods on soil physical properties, sunfl ower yield and yield components, protein and oil content and fuel consumption in Southeastern of Turkey. Six tillage methods for the second crop sunfl ower were tested and compared each other within after lentil harvesting at 2003 and 2004 years in a clay loam soil. According to results, the fi rst year, the bulk density had decreased from 1.29 to 1.09 g cm-3, the second year the δb had decreased from 1.41 to 1.23 g cm-3. Differences between years and tillage methods in terms of yield were found signifi cant (p<0.05). However, no differences were found between the NT and CT. There were also no signifi cance differences in content of protein, oil and ash among six tillage methods. The highest fuel consumption was measured in conventional method (CT) whereas the lowest value was found in direct seeding method as 33.48 L ha-1 and 6.6 L ha-1, respectively

Effect of the mechanical harvest of drupes on the quality characteristics of green fermented table olives

Background: Because of damage caused by mechanical harvesting, the drupes for table olive production are traditionally hand harvested. Until now, no data have been available on the microbiological and chemical features of mechanically harvested drupes during fermentation. Results: Drupes mechanically harvested and inoculated with Lactobacillus pentosus OM13 were characterized by the lowest concentrations of potential spoilage microorganisms. On the other hand, drupes mechanically harvested and subjected to spontaneous fermentation showed the highest concentration of Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonads during transformation. The lowest decrease of pH (4.20) was registered for the trials inoculated with the starter culture. Differences in terms of volatile organic compounds were estimated among trials. Multivariate analysis showed that the olives processed from the drupes mechanically harvested and inoculated with starter were closely related to control production (drupes manually harvested) in terms of microbiological and pH values. Sensory analysis evidenced negative evaluations only for the uninoculated trials. Conclusion: Drupes mechanically harvested and subjected to a driven fermentation with Lactobacillus pentosus OM13 determined the production of table olives with appreciable organoleptic features. Thus mechanical harvesting performed using a trunk shaker equipped with an inverse umbrella and the addition of starter lactic acid bacteria represents a valuable alternative to manual harvesting for table olive production at the industrial level

Development of metal processing liquids containing ecological corrosion inhibitor

YÖK Tez No: 578479Korozyon; metalik malzemelerin, çevreleri ile kimyasal ve elektrokimyasal reaksiyonlar sonucu yükseltgenerek kimyasal ve fiziko-mekaniksel özelliklerinde negatif yönde etkide bulunan bir süreçtir. Metal kanseri olarak da adlandırılan bu süreç metallerin kullanıldığı tüm endüstri dallarında karşılaşılan en temel problemlerden biridir. Metal işleme sıvıları, talaşlı imalat esnasında takım ucu ile işlenen metal arasında bir film tabakası oluşturarak yağlama, soğutma ve talaşı uzaklaştırmak amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Film tabakası takım uçlarının aşınmasını önlerken düzgün işlenmiş bir metal yüzeyi eldesini sağlamaktadır. Talaşlı imalatla serbest kalan parçacıkların ortamdan süratle uzaklaşması üretim verimini arttıran önemli bir faktördür. Talaş kaldırma sırasında kullanılan sıvıların, kesici takımların ömrünü uzatması ve işlenen metali korozyona karşı koruması istenmektedir. Korozyon hızının azaltılması için metal işleme sıvılarının içerisine inhibitör denilen organik ve çoğu zaman anorganik bileşikler ilave edilmektedir. Bu kimyasal katkıların çoğunun insan sağlığına ve çevreye zarar verdiği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada; bir tür amino asit olan ve gıda takviyesi olarak sporcular tarafından sıklıkla kullanılan L-arjininin korozyonla mücadelede, ekolojik bir korozyon inhibitörü olarak metal işleme sıvılarında hâlihazırda sıklıkla tercih edilen tolitriazol yerine başarıyla kullanılabileceği Elektrokimyasal Empedans Spektroskopisi (EIS), talaşlı korozyon testi, SEM ve EDS yöntemleri kullanılarak ispatlanmıştır.Corrosion is a process which negatively affects the chemical and physico-mechanical properties of metallic materials by oxidizing them as a result of chemical and electrochemical reactions with their environment. This process, also called "metal cancer", is one of the most fundamental problems encountered in all industries where metals are used. During machining, metalworking fluids are used to lubricate, cool and remove chips by forming a film between the tool tip and the metal being machined. The film layer provides a smooth machined metal surface while preventing tool tip wear. Rapid removal of the particles released by machining is an important factor that increases production efficiency. The use of fluids is needed during chip removal in order to prolong the life of the cutting tools and to protect the treated metal against corrosion. In order to reduce the corrosion rate, organic and mainly inorganic compounds called inhibitors are added to the metalworking fluids. Most of these chemical additives are known to be harmful to human health and the environment. L-arginine is a kind of amino acid frequently used by athletes as a food supplement. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chip corrosion testing, SEM and EDS methods were applied to demonstrate that L-arginine can be used successfully as an ecological corrosion inhibitor in metalworking fluids to fight against corrosion instead of the currently preferred tolitriazole