ECOLOGICAL TABLE GRAPE PRODUCTION IN TURKEY

The organic (ecologic-biologic) agricultural practices in Turkey began in 1985 with organic raisins and dried figs demand of European countries. As of 2015, 1829291 tons of organic products from 197 different products, which comprise grapes, in 515268 ha, are produced by 69967 farmers. Currently, the number of registered enterprises operating in organic agriculture is over 1500. As in the entire in world and in Turkey, the share of organic production in grape production is increasing. Organic grape production is carried out in 10645 ha area in Turkey. This amount constitutes approximately 2.3% of the total grape production area in Turkey. Organic grape is the second major product of Turkey export, and the export share of organic products in recent years is increased to 20-30%. The share of the organic table grape production in total organic grape production is an increasing trend and the studies in this direction are continuing

Evaluation of the Mineral Element Profile of Wastes of Some Wine Grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) Varieties

In this study, the level of macro and micro elements of six wine grape cultivars were determined in seeds, bagasse (skin and pulp) and pomace (seed, skin and pulp) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave digestion (ICP-AES). The levels of macro and micro elements exhibited a genotype dependent alteration and affected by the part of the berry sampled. Potassium was the predominant macro element in bagasse and pomace, varying from 6.78 g/kg dry weight in pomace (Carignane) to 21.05 g/kg dry weight in bagasse (Cabernet Sauvignon). However, the level of calcium was higher than potassium in seeds and varied between 4.95 g/kg (Kalecik karası) and 6.73 g/kg (Carignane). Seeds were also richer than the bagasse and pomace related with phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur. Among the micro elements, Fe had the highest amount in all parts of the berries. Its content ranged from 13.9 mg/kg dry weights in bagasse of Semillon to 24.8 mg/kg dry weight in seeds of Syrah. Iron, manganese, zinc and molybdenum in seeds; copper and boron in bagasse were higher amount than the other groups analyzed. The results of this study show that all parts of the grape berries are potentially rich sources of mineral elements. So, they could be used as a food supplement to improve the nutritive value of the human diet and for some engineering processes in food industry

The Effects of Different Substrates with Chemical and Organic Fertilizer Applications on Vitamins, Mineral, and Amino Acid Content of Grape Berries from Soilless Culture

Due to its advantages, soilless cultivation has been used for both early- and late-maturing grape varieties. High nutritional and energy value is one of the strongest features that make the grape an effective component of agriculture and the human diet. Therefore, it was thought that it would be useful to determine the nutrient content of the berries in a soilless culture study carried out on the Early Cardinal grape variety. One-year-old vines were trained to a guyot system and grown in 32-liter plastic pots containing four different solid growing media, namely, zeolite, cocopeat, and zeolite+cocopeat (Z + C) (1:1 and 1:2, v:v). A total of three different nutrient solutions (Hoagland, Hoagland A (adapted to the vine) and organic liquid worm fertilizer (OLWF)) were applied to the plants. Grapevines were given different solutions starting from the bud burst. Z + C (1:1) substrate mixture giving the highest values of 14 amino acids, vitamins, and most macro- and microelements. Hoagland and Modified Hoagland nutrient solutions mostly gave higher values than OLWF for the properties studied. In general, it was observed that there were no significant losses in terms of mineral, vitamin, and amino acid composition in soilless grape cultivation

Effects of different bud loads and irrigations applied at different leaf water potential levels on Kalecik Karasi grape variety

WOS: 000363554800005The effects of two irrigation practices (RDI-I and RDI-II) and two bud load treatments on the yield and quality of the Kalecik Karasi red wine grape variety were studied. The midday leaf water potential thresholds were used for irrigation timing, and those values were set as -10 bars until flowering, -13 bars between the berry set-veraison and the veraison-ripening periods, and -12 bars after harvest for both irrigation treatments. Water volumes applied in the irrigations of the RDI-I plots were 50% and 75% of the cumulative evaporation from a class A pan between the berry set-veraison and veraison-ripening growth stages, respectively, while those portions for the RDI-II treatment were vice versa. The effects of control (K) and two-fold increased bud loads (2K) based on mean pruning weight on the grape yield and quality were also investigated. Irrigation and higher bud load treatments considerably increased grape yield in both years of the study. The highest and lowest grape yields were obtained in the RDI-II and the nonirrigated treatments, respectively. The increase in grape yield of irrigated vines in relation to nonirrigated ones was 53.3% in the first year and 54.3% in the second year. With doubling the bud load, the achieved increases in grape yield were 37.8% and 45.1% compared to the traditional bud loads in the first and the second year, respectively. The bud load effect was more apparent for the irrigated vines compared to the rain-fed cultivation. Cluster weight was also higher for the irrigated vines. These increases can most probably be related to improved canopy development under irrigation application. The leaf stomatal conductance was higher as a consequence of the higher soil water contents in both irrigated treatments. The improved gas exchange due to the stomatal openings led to a higher leaf area index as well as an increase in grape yield of the irrigated plants. Our findings reveal that the grape yield of the Kalecik Karasi grape variety can be increased with irrigation and higher bud load applications. It is also worth noting that a limited irrigation application may help to maintain a better berry quality compared to the traditional rain-fed grape cultivation.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [112O059]This study has been supported by a grant from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project number: 112O059)

THE EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING APPLICATIONS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOME TABLE GRAPE VARIETIES GROWN IN DIFFERENT SOLID CULTURE MEDIA

Bu çalışmada, Cocopeat ve Perlit:Torf (2:1) katı kültür ortamlarında yetiştirilen 2 ve 3 yaşlı Yalova incisi ve Prima üzüm çeşitlerinde kök budama uygulamasının üzüm verimi ve bazı salkım ve tane özellikleri ile yaprakların makro ve mikro besin maddeleri düzeyine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Kuş net altında ve 32 litrelik saksılarda yetiştirilen bitkilere haftada bir kez değiştirilmiş Hoagland besin çözeltisi uygulanmıştır. Bitkilerin gelişme dönemlerine göre verilen su miktarı günde ortalama 1–3 litre arasında değişmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Yalova İncisi kök budama uygulamalarından çok, Prima çeşidi ise nispeten daha az etkilenmiştir. Bitki yaşının artmasıyla Yalova İncisinde bir miktar verim kaybı olmuş, Prima çeşidinde uygulama etkilerinin önemli olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Yalova İncisi için Cocopeat, Prima için Perlit:Torf ortamı daha uygun bulunmuştur. Kök budama uygulaması Yalova incisinde salkım büyüklüğüne bağlı olarak verimi azaltmıştır. Bu etki Prima’da daha az olmuştur. Bunlara karşın, elde edilen değerlerin sofralık üzümlerde istenen standart kalite değerleri içinde yer aldığı görülmüştür. Uygulamalar bitki besleme açısından değerlendirildiğinde makro elementlerde genel olarak Yalova incisinde ve Prima’da N’un fazlalık, K’un noksanlık sınır değerleri içinde yer aldığı saptanmıştır. Mikro element içerikleri ise yeterli düzeyde bulunmuştur.In this study, the effects of root pruning on two and three year old Yalova İncisi and Prima grape cultivars grown in Cocopeat and Perlite:Peat (2:1) solid culture media were investigated. Modified Hoagland nutrient solution was applied to plants grown in 32 liter pots and under bird nets once a week intervals. The amount of water given to the plants varied from 1 to 3 liter for per day, according to the development periods of plants. As a result of the study, Yalova İncisi was more affected from root pruning practices than the Prima variety. Depending on the increase in plant age, Yalova İncisi had lost some yield, but the application effects were not significant in the Prima variety. Cocopeat for Yalova İncisi and Perlite:Peat medium for Prima were more suitable. Root pruning decreased grape yield of Yalova İncisi, depending on the size of the clusters. This effect was less in Prima. On the other hand, the values obtained are included in the standard quality values given for table grapes. Considering macro elements, N was in excess and K was in deficiency limit values in both cultivars. Their micro element contents were found to be sufficient

Effects of different bud loads and irrigations applied at different leaf water potential levels on Kalecik Karası grape variety

The effects of two irrigation practices (RDI-I and RDI-II) and two bud load treatments on the yield and quality of the Kalecik Karası red wine grape variety were studied. The midday leaf water potential thresholds were used for irrigation timing, and those values were set as –10 bars until flowering, –13 bars between the berry set–veraison and the veraison–ripening periods, and –12 bars after harvest for both irrigation treatments. Water volumes applied in the irrigations of the RDI-I plots were 50% and 75% of the cumulative evaporation from a class A pan between the berry set–veraison and veraison–ripening growth stages, respectively, while those portions for the RDI-II treatment were vice versa. The effects of control (K) and two-fold increased bud loads (2K) based on mean pruning weight on the grape yield and quality were also investigated. Irrigation and higher bud load treatments considerably increased grape yield in both years of the study. The highest and lowest grape yields were obtained in the RDI-II and the nonirrigated treatments, respectively. The increase in grape yield of irrigated vines in relation to nonirrigated ones was 53.3% in the first year and 54.3% in the second year. With doubling the bud load, the achieved increases in grape yield were 37.8% and 45.1% compared to the traditional bud loads in the first and the second year, respectively. The bud load effect was more apparent for the irrigated vines compared to the rain-fed cultivation. Cluster weight was also higher for the irrigated vines. These increases can most probably be related to improved canopy development under irrigation application. The leaf stomatal conductance was higher as a consequence of the higher soil water contents in both irrigated treatments. The improved gas exchange due to the stomatal openings led to a higher leaf area index as well as an increase in grape yield of the irrigated plants. Our findings reveal that the grape yield of the Kalecik Karası grape variety can be increased with irrigation and higher bud load applications. It is also worth noting that a limited irrigation application may help to maintain a better berry quality compared to the traditional rain-fed grape cultivation.The effects of two irrigation practices (RDI-I and RDI-II) and two bud load treatments on the yield and quality of the Kalecik Karası red wine grape variety were studied. The midday leaf water potential thresholds were used for irrigation timing, and those values were set as –10 bars until flowering, –13 bars between the berry set–veraison and the veraison–ripening periods, and –12 bars after harvest for both irrigation treatments. Water volumes applied in the irrigations of the RDI-I plots were 50% and 75% of the cumulative evaporation from a class A pan between the berry set–veraison and veraison–ripening growth stages, respectively, while those portions for the RDI-II treatment were vice versa. The effects of control (K) and two-fold increased bud loads (2K) based on mean pruning weight on the grape yield and quality were also investigated. Irrigation and higher bud load treatments considerably increased grape yield in both years of the study. The highest and lowest grape yields were obtained in the RDI-II and the nonirrigated treatments, respectively. The increase in grape yield of irrigated vines in relation to nonirrigated ones was 53.3% in the first year and 54.3% in the second year. With doubling the bud load, the achieved increases in grape yield were 37.8% and 45.1% compared to the traditional bud loads in the first and the second year, respectively. The bud load effect was more apparent for the irrigated vines compared to the rain-fed cultivation. Cluster weight was also higher for the irrigated vines. These increases can most probably be related to improved canopy development under irrigation application. The leaf stomatal conductance was higher as a consequence of the higher soil water contents in both irrigated treatments. The improved gas exchange due to the stomatal openings led to a higher leaf area index as well as an increase in grape yield of the irrigated plants. Our findings reveal that the grape yield of the Kalecik Karası grape variety can be increased with irrigation and higher bud load applications. It is also worth noting that a limited irrigation application may help to maintain a better berry quality compared to the traditional rain-fed grape cultivation

Asmalarda somatik embriyogenesis ve organogenesis yoluyla bitki elde edilmesi

TEZ4264Tez (Doktora Tezi) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2002.Kaynakça (s. 156-165) var.xıı, 156 s. ; 30 cm.…Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No:FBE-99.D.

Bazı Sofralık ve Şaraplık Üzüm Çeşitlerinin (Vitis vinifera L.) Salkım İskeleti Mineral Element Profillerinin Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada sekiz sofralık (Early Cardinal, Trakya ilkeren, Yalova incisi, Razakı, Alphonse Lavallee, Hamburg Misketi, Iskenderiye Misketi ve Isabella) ve yedi şaraplık üzüm çeşidinde (Kalecik karası, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Montepulciano, Chardonnay, Carignane ve Semillon) salkım iskeletinin makro ve mikro element içerikleri ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry) kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Montepulciano en yüksek miktarlarda fosfor (%0.24), potasyum, (%3.65), kükürt (%0.13) ve sodyum (%0.05) deǧerlerini bulunduran çeşit olmuştur. Magnezyum deǧerleri Semillon (%0.38); kalsiyum deǧerleri ise (%1.27) Yalova Incisi’nde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Çalışmada kullanılan 15 çeşit içerisinde Fe düzeyi en yüksek (140.5 mg kg-1) bulunan çeşit Isabella olmuştur. Cu, Mn, B ve Ni deǧerleri bakımından da en yüksek deǧerler Montepulciano çeşidinden alınmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları, salkım iskeletinin makro ve mikro element düzeylerinin çeşitlere göre farklılık gösterdiǧini ve salkımın bu bölümünün de oldukça zengin bir mineral madde kaynaǧı olduǧunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, kuru üzüm başta olmak üzere, üzümü işleyen üzüm suyu, şarap ve şıra endüstrisi atıǧı olarak yüksek miktarlarda çıkan salkım iskeletinin kompost ve benzeri organik gübre üretiminde saf ve karışım halinde kullanılmasının önemli düzeyde katma deǧer saǧlayacaǧı düşünülmektedir

The Effect of Growing Medium and Crop Loads on Yield and Some Quality Properties of Prima Grape Cultivar Grown in Soilless Culture

Bu çalışma, örtüaltında topraksız kültür sisteminde yetiştirilen Prima üzüm çeşidinde asmaların verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine farklı yetiştirme ortamları (Kokopit, Perlit:Torf (2:1) ve Pomza) ve ürün yüklerinin (10 ve 20 salkım omca-1 ) etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Uygulamaların etkisini belirlemek amacıyla birinci yıl bitkilerin vejetatif gelişme güçlerine bakılmıştır. İkinci yıl ise fenolojileri ve üzüm verimleri ile salkım, tane ve şıra özellikleri ile yaprakların makro ve mikro element içerikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada en yüksek verim ve salkım ağırlığı değerleri (sırasıyla 4682 g omca-1 ve 271.4 g) Perlit:Torf ortamından elde edilmiştir. Ürün yükü bakımından incelemede, en yüksek verimin (4461 g omca-1 ) bitki başına 20 salkım; en yüksek salkım ağırlığı (253.4 g)’nın ise 10 salkım ürün yükü uygulamasından saptandığı görülmüştür. Topraksız kültürden elde edilen hektara 35 ton kadar üzüm veriminin Türkiye ortalamasından 3-4 kat daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile topraksız kültür seralarında sebze ve süs bitkilerinin yanında üzüm yetiştiriciliğinin de yapılabileceği gösterilmiştir.This study was planned to determine the effects of different growing media (Cocopeat, Perlite: Peat (2:1) and Pumice) and crop loads (10 and 20 clusters vine-1 ) on yield and quality characteristics of Prima grape varieties grown in the soilless culture system under plastic cover. In order to determine the effect of the applications, the vegetative growth of the first year plants were examined. In the second year, the phenology and grape yields, cluster, berry and must characteristics and the macro and micro element contents of the leaves were examined. The highest yield and cluster weight values (4682 g vine-1 and 271.4 g respectively) were obtained from Perlite:Peat growing media. In terms of crop load, the highest yield (4461 g vine-1 ) was observed with 20 clusters per vine; the highest cluster weight (253.4 g) was found from application of crop loads of 10 clusters. Approximately, thirty-five tons grape yield obtained from per hectare of soilless culture was determined to be more than 3-4 times of the average yield of Turkey. This study has shown that soilless grape cultivation can be done besides vegetable and ornamental plants in soilless culture

Effects of organic materials applied to vineyard soil on yield, quality and nutrition

Bu çalışmada, bağ toprağına farklı organik materyal uygulamalarının (Kontrol (K), Bazaltik Pomza (P), Kuru kompost (KK), Budama odunu artığı+çiftlik gübresi kompostu (BA+ÇG), Saman+Çiftlik gübresi kompostu (S+ÇG), Bazaltik Pomza+Kuru kompost (P+KK), Bazaltik Pomza+Saman+Çiftlik gübresi kompostu (P+S+ÇG) ve Bazaltik Pomza+Budama odunu artığı+Çiftlik gübresi kompostu (P+BA+ÇG)) Çukurova koşullarında yetiştirilen Early Sweet çeşidinin üzüm verimi ile salkım, tane ve şıra özellikleri yanında yaprak makro ve mikro element düzeyleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Sonuçta; çalışmanın birinci yılında verim ve salkım ağırlığında en iyi sonuç S+ÇG uygulamasından (sırasıyla 4474 g omca-1 - 2980 kg da-1 ve 447.4 g); ikinci yılda ise Pomza (sırasıyla 3799 g omca-1 - 2530 kg da-1 ve 422.1 g) uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. En düşük verim ve salkım ağırlığı değerleri çalışmanın birinci yılında kontrol; ikinci yılında ise aynı istatistiki grupta yer alan Kontrol, KK ve BA+ÇG uygulamalarından alınmıştır. Birinci yıl BA+ÇG; ikinci yıl S+ÇG, P+KK, P+S+ÇG ve P+BA+ÇG uygulamalarında yaprak azot düzeyi daha yüksek çıkmıştır. İki deneme yılında da en yüksek fosfor ve potasyum değerleri Pomza uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Her iki yılda da en yüksek demir düzeyi P+S+ÇG uygulamasında, mangan konsantrasyonu ise P+BA+ÇG uygulamasında saptanmıştır. Bütün uygulamalarda azot, fosfor, kalsiyum, demir ve mangan konsantrasyonunun yeterli, potasyum, magnezyum ve çinko değerlerinin ise noksanlık sınırları içerisinde yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. Organik materyal uygulamalarının, incelenen özellikler açısından kontrole göre genel olarak bir miktar iyileşme sağladığı saptanmıştır. Uygun materyal önerisi için, uygulamaların sürdürülerek materyallerin biriken etkisinin gözlenmesinde yarar görülmektedir