THE SIXTH WAVE OF INNOVATION: ARE WE READY?

Organizations faced different development paths over the centuries, caused by changes in the competitive environment and the ability to respond to these changes. Such changes and choices can be analyzed from the perspective of innovation waves, responsible for changing the current competition structure and present a new competitive format for organizations. By observing the existing five waves of innovation, we can see a significant jump in development for companies that well understood the context of the new wave and competitive problems for other companies, even leaders in their market were “swept” off the competitive landscape. There are indications that a sixth wave of innovation is coming and who is guided by the sustainability, since the depletion of resources can cause many companies and countries conquer higher competitive performance to seek innovative solutions to the problem and those that fail to do so may have a loss of competitiveness. Given the aforementioned context, this theoretical essay aims to discuss sustainability as the sixth wave of innovation and how it can affect organizations. It is expected that the article raises a reflection about this phenomenon and serve as a starting point for future discussions

COMPORTAMIENTO ALIMENTARIO DE MONOS AULLADORES NEGROS (ALOUATTA PIGRA LAWRENCE, CEBIDAE) EN HÁBITAT FRAGMENTADO EN BALANCÁN, TABASCO, MÉXICO

This report is based on the feeding behavior of one black howler monkey troop (Alouatta pigra). Observations were made during an annual cycle (February 2002 to January 2003) in a highly fragmented habitat (0,164 ha) in the Leona Vicario ranch, Balancan, Tabasco, Mexico. The present study is the first systematic report for the state of Tabasco on the diet of this primate specie. By means of the Focal Animal method, behavioral observations of the activities of the troop (n=9, 3 AM, 2 AF, 2 J, 2 I) were recorded (n = 499 h), of which 19.6 % (96 h 55 min) were recorded developing feeding behavior. In the study area we recorded the consumption of 15 spp. (55.5 %) of a total of 27 plants species in the site. The number of species used per month varied from 5 to 12 (mean = nine species). The Young leaves and the mature fruits were the main vegetal parts consumed by the howlers (70.8 % and 11.4 % respectively). Between the different species consumed by the howlers, only few were preferred by the troop (X2= 25060, p>>0.001, gl =14) and these species had low densities in the study site (vgr. Andira inermis with 0,007 ind/ha). Under these disturbance conditions, howler’s consumption on different plant parts throughout the year shows us a high nutritional flexibility. This strategy allows the black howler monkeys to survive in the study site in the short term; nevertheless, it is very important to investigate the consequences population level in the future.Se informa sobre el comportamiento alimentario del mono aullador negro (Alouatta pigra Lawrence) durante un ciclo anual (Febrero 2002 a Enero 2003) en un remanente boscoso de 0.164 ha rodeado de potrero en la Ranchería Leona Vicario, Balancán, Tabasco, México. La presente investigación se constituye como el primer estudio sistemático para el estado de Tabasco sobre la dieta de esta especie. Mediante el método Animal Focal, se registraron observaciones conductuales (n= 499 h) de las actividades de una tropa de A. pigra (n= 9; 3 MA, 2 HA, 2 J, 2 In), de las cuales el 19.6 % (96 h 55 min) fueron dedicadas a la alimentación. En el área de estudio se registró el consumo de 15 spp. (55.5 %) de un total de 27 especies de plantas presentes en el área de estudio. El número de especies usadas por mes variaron desde 5 a 12 con un promedio de 9 especies. Las hojas jóvenes y los frutos maduros fueron las partes vegetales principales en la dieta de los monos aulladores y los porcentajes de uso fueron 70.8 % y 11.4 % respectivamente. Entre las diferentes especies de plantas consumidas por los aulladores, se mostró preferencia (X2= 25060, p>0.001, gl. =14) por algunas que se presentaban poco abundantes en el sitio de estudio (p.e. Andira inermes con 0.007 ind/ha). Bajo estas condiciones de perturbación, el consumo de diferentes especies vegetales, así como de sus diferentes partes a lo largo del año indica que los monos aulladores negros poseen una gran flexibilidad alimenticia que les ha permitido sobrevivir en el área de estudio. Sin embargo, se presenta como un reto el investigar la viabilidad poblacional de la especie en años futuros

Disfunciones en primates no humanos

Se presenta una revisión sistemática y actualizada de la literatura sobre discapacidad en primates no humanos. La información obtenida muestra que en diversas especies de primates los individuos con malformaciones y otras anormalidades, congénitas o adquiridas, tienen una importante flexibilidad conductual que en muchas ocasiones les permite sobrevivir y reproducirse a pesar de sus limitaciones. En algunos casos se ha observado que los individuos con discapacidad reciben cuidados por parte de sus congéneres, particularmente las crías e infantes. Las madres también muestran flexibilidad conductual para adaptarse a las necesidades y ritmos de los individuos afectados. El cuidado en la discapacidad aparece como un rasgo importante del comportamiento social de los primates no humanos. Por lo anterior, se plantea una crítica a la teoría aun prevaleciente del darwinismo social y su ideología de un mundo que mejora con base en la competencia y supervivencia solo de los más aptos, situación que impacta negativamente en el trato a personas con discapacidad

Public policies on innovation and small businesses in a swinging economy

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the adequacy of public policies that support innovation in small businesses in a swinging economy, particularly in Brazil.1 In order to make our case for more adequate public policies on innovation, we develop five propositions based on the assumption that innovation policies focused on fostering socioeconomic development should meet. We adopted a documentary research design, as we examined the policies produced by governmental bodies and agencies at the three governmental levels in Brazil - federation, states, and cities. Also, qualitative content analysis was performed in order to organize, codify and interpret the messages delivered by current innovation policies in the country. We found that most public policies on innovation and small businesses are short-sighted and generalist, borrowing metrics and evaluation criteria from the big enterprise context in an one-size-fits-all manner that, ultimately, cannot be applied to most small businesses and local contexts. As a contribution to theory, our five propositions could be used as starting points for future policy and administration research. On a practical level, we propose recommendations to policy-makers and offer insights on how an adequate policy affects a country’s competitiveness and socioeconomic development

Enriquecimiento ambiental y su efecto en la exhibición de comportamientos estereotipados en jaguares (Panthera onca) del Parque Zoológico Yaguar Xoo, Oaxaca

The development of environmental enrichment programs to captive animals, promotes the animal welfare by increasing their physical activity as well as diminishing the stress, and preventing or reducing abnormal or stereotypic behaviors. In the Yaguar Xoo Zoological Park we designed and applied an environmental enrichment program to four captive jaguars (Panthera onca). Were two males (four and ten years old) and two females (four and ten years respectively). Enrichment items (teething and bag with stones) were applied, food (chicken, beef, fish, food shopping Whiskas®) and sensory (recordings of vocalizations of jaguar Panthera onca, puma Puma concolor and howler monkey Alouatta palliata, and as bags with different essences of mint, orange, anise, lynx Lynx rufus and ocelot Felis pardis urine). Our goal was to evaluate the program’s efficiency on the reduction or elimination of stereotypic behaviors (swinging, pacing, and vocalization). The exhibit behaviors were evaluated through three different phases: (1) the pre-enrichment phase (26 days), (2) the environmental enrichment application phase (34 days), and (3) the post-enrichment phase (22 days). As a result of the application program found a significant decrease in the performance of stereotypies and an increase in behavior normal individuals studied. For these four jaguars, the number of displayed normal behavior (whether they were individual or social) was significantly different among the three stage of the study (F2,306 = 4.215, p = 0.0156). In the post-enrichment frequency of normal behavior was similar to the pre-enrichment (p = 0.4680). The swinging (9.57%) decreased dramatically once applied environmental enrichement (0.96%) and, this trend continued even though the enrichment was removed (3.88%) (X2 = 102.9, p < 0.001). The pacing (1.96%) also fell dramatically once applied environmental enrichment (0.36%) and, once the enrichment was removed, the percentage increased to levels similar to the previous stage (1.26%) (X2 = 12.6, p < 0.001). The vocalization (3.06%) decreased dramatically once applied environmentalenrichment (0.48%), however was similar in the stages before and after the enrichment (3.49%)(X2 = 21.14, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the application of the environmental enrichment enhance captivejaguars’ well-being by stimulating active behaviors and reducing stereotypical behaviors.El desarrollo de programas de enriquecimiento ambiental para animales en cautiverio promueve el bienestar animal aumentando la actividad física, reduciendo el estrés y, previniendo o reduciendotrastornos como las estereotipias o comportamientos anormales. En el Parque Zoológico Yaguar Xoo se diseñó y aplicó un programa a cuatro jaguares (Panthera onca). Fueron dos machos (de cuatroy diez años de edad) y dos hembras (de cuatro y diez años, respectivamente). Se aplicaron estímulos ocupativos (mordedera y garrafón con piedras), alimenticios (pollo, carne de res, pescado, alimento comercial Whiskas®) y sensoriales (grabaciones de vocalizaciones de jaguar Panthera onca, puma Puma concolor y mono aullador Alouatta palliata, así como sacos con diferentes esencias de menta, naranja, anís, orina de lince Lynx rufus y de ocelote Felis pardis). Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia del programa, mediante la reducción o eliminación de las estereotipias (balanceo, paseo y vocalización), se midieron los patrones de comportamiento presentados en los sujetos de estudio durante tres diferentes etapas: (1) previa al enriquecimiento (26 días), (2) aplicación del enriquecimiento ambiental (34 días) y, (3) posterior al enriquecimiento (22 días). Como resultado de la aplicación del programa encontramos una disminución significativa en la ejecución de estereotipias y un incremento en los comportamientos normales en los individuos de estudio. Para los cuatro jaguares el número de comportamiento normales exhibidos (independientemente de que fueran individuales o sociales) fue significativamente distinto entre las tres etapas del estudio (F2,306 = 4.215, p = 0.0156). En la etapa posterior al enriquecimiento la frecuencia de comportamientos normales fue similar a la etapa previa al enriquecimiento (p = 0.4680). El balanceo (9.57%) disminuyó drásticamente una vez que se aplicó el enriquecimiento ambiental (0.96%) y, esta tendencia se mantuvo aun cuando el enriquecimiento fue retirado (3.88%) (X2 = 102.9, p < 0.001). El paseo (1.96%) también disminuyó drásticamente una vez que se aplicó el enriquecimiento ambiental (0.36%) y, una vez que el enriquecimiento fue retirado, el porcentaje se incrementó a niveles similares con la etapa previa (1.26%) (X2 = 12.6, p < 0.001). La vocalización (3.06%) disminuyó drásticamente una vez que se aplicó el enriquecimiento ambiental (0.48%), sin embargo fue similar en las etapas previa y posterior al enriquecimiento (3.49%) (X2 = 21.14, p < 0.001). Esto demuestra que la aplicación del programa tuvo un efecto positivo al tiempo de evaluación en el comportamiento de los felinos, al disminuir la frecuencia de estereotipias.

Víctor Rico-Gray (1951-2021): un recorrido por la vida de un gran visionario en la ecología

As a tribute and permanent memory of those of us who were his students, continuing his legacy, in commemoration of his death anniversary, on April 4.Como homenaje y permanente recuerdo de quienes fuimos sus estudiantes, continuando su legado, en conmemoración de su aniversario luctuoso, el día 4 de abril.   &nbsp

A large X-ray flare from the Herbig Ae star V892 Tau

We report the XMM-Newton observation of a large X-ray flare from the Herbig Ae star V892 Tau. The apparent low mass companion of V892 Tau, V892 Tau NE, is unresolved by XMM-Newton. Nevertheless there is compelling evidence from combined XMM-Newton and Chandra data that the origin of the flare is the Herbig Ae star V892 Tau. During the flare the X-ray luminosity of V892 Tau increases by a factor of ~15, while the temperature of the plasma increases from kT ~ 1.5 keV to kT ~ 8 keV. From the scaling of the flare event, based on hydrodynamic modeling, we conclude that a 500 G magnetic field is needed in order to confine the plasma. Under the assumptions that a dynamo mechanism is required to generate such a confining magnetic field and that surface convection is a necessary ingredient for a dynamo, our findings provide indirect evidence for the existence of a significant convection zone in the stellar envelope of Herbig Ae stars.Comment: accepted for publication in A&A (12 pages - 6 figures

Avaliação neuropsicomotora e classificação funcional em escolares de 10 a 12 anos da rede pública.

Neuropsychomotor development (NPMD) involves the motor and cognitive areas and is influenced by environmental and task questions, which from an expanded health point of view can be classified by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the school’s NPMD and classify them according to the ICF. The study included 22 pre-adolescents (10-12 years) of both sexes, in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Brazil, assessed by the Fonseca’s Psychomotor Battery, the Functional Independence Measure, semi-structured interviews and ICF checklist for children and youth (ICF-CY). We observed that most students did not show changes in the NPMD, and that the self- report identified: changes in the family model, few possibilities for sports and leisure, preference for playing as entertainment, school as the prevailing environment, good self-perception of health, accessibility problems. In addition, we identified one child with delay in some isolated psychomotor factors, but with a good general psychomotor performance. The use of the model proposed by the authors answered the demands of the ICF, indicating its applicability and possibilities of use in the school environment.O desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM) envolve as áreas motoras e cognitivas e é influenciado por questões do ambiente e da tarefa, o que numa visão ampliada de saúde pode ser classificado por meio da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o DNPM de escolares e classificá-los de acordo com a CIF. Participaram do estudo 22 pré-adolescentes (10 a 12 anos) de ambos os sexos, na região metropolitana de Curitiba, avaliados por meio da Bateria Psicomotora de Fonseca, Medida da independência funcional, entrevista semiestruturada e check-list da CIF para crianças e jovens (CIF-CJ). Observou-se que a maioria dos estudantes não apresentou alterações no DNPM, e que o auto-relato identificou: mudança no modelo familiar, poucas possibilidades para esporte e lazer, preferência pelas brincadeiras como entretenimento, escola como ambiente predominante, boa autopercepção de saúde, dificuldade de acessibilidade. Além disso, identificou-se uma criança com atraso em fatores psicomotores isolados, mas com bom desempenho psicomotor geral. A utilização do modelo proposto pelos autores respondeu às dimensões da CIF, indicando sua aplicabilidade e possibilidades de uso em ambiente escolar

Alocação de recursos públicos para saúde em Macaé entre 2014 e 2017: Reflexões e Desafios

Objetivos: Demonstrar a alocação de recursos repassados pelo Fundo Nacional de Saúde para cada Bloco de Financiamento da Saúde do município de Macaé entre 2014 e 2017. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo descritivo, a partir da extração e tabulação de dados disponíveis do Sistema de Informação sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (SIOPS), bem como de publicações como o Plano Plurianual (2014-2017) do município. Resultados: A partir dos dados extraídos do SIOPS, referente aos repasses do FNS, verificou-se um total de R$174.860.780,76 destinados para saúde de Macaé, sendo destes R$5.457.773,14 (3,12%) direcionados à Assistência Farmacêutica e R$ 40.467.477,50 (23,14%) para a Atenção Básica no período entre 2014 e 2017. Os dados analisados demonstram que Macaé executou, em especial, nos anos de 2015 e 2016, recursos abaixo do previsto pelo Plano Plurianual 2014-2017, o que pode estar associado com a crise do petróleo vivenciada pelo município. Ressalta-se que a redução da arrecadação de impostos pode impactar diretamente na viabilidade da oferta de serviços em saúde, sendo considerado como crítico e delicado para gestores e comunidade, uma vez que muitos indivíduos são dependentes do SUS. Conclusão: Reforça-se a relevância da compreensão das reais demandas e o planejamento racional das necessidades em saúde pelos gestores locais, para que mesmo em momentos de crise orçamentária estes possam se organizar para melhor promover e ofertar os serviços considerados essenciais à sua população