1,090 research outputs found
Kinetic Modeling of Solketal Synthesis from Glycerol and Acetone Catalyzed by an Iron(III) Complex
In the last few years, the depletion of the fossil sources and their negative effect on the environment has led to find new alternatives; among these, biodiesel is considered one of the most promising for this purpose. Biodiesel can be produced from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, obtaining glycerol as a by-product. Glycerol can be used in different processes and one of the most interesting is the condensation with acetone to produce solketal. Among its applications, plasticizers, solvents, and pharmaceutical formulations are the most common. In this work, the attention was focused on the reaction between glycerol and acetone to give solketal promoted by an iron(III) complex. The reaction mechanism was hypothesized, and the kinetics was studied in a batch reactor. Finally, the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were determined with a reliable model investigating the phenomena that occurred in the reaction network.
Keywords
Viroids: From Genotype to Phenotype Just Relying on RNA Sequence and Structural Motifs
As a consequence of two unique physical properties, small size and circularity, viroid RNAs do not code for proteins and thus depend on RNA sequence/structural motifs for interacting with host proteins that mediate their invasion, replication, spread, and circumvention of defensive barriers. Viroid genomes fold up on themselves adopting collapsed secondary structures wherein stretches of nucleotides stabilized by Watson–Crick pairs are flanked by apparently unstructured loops. However, compelling data show that they are instead stabilized by alternative non-canonical pairs and that specific loops in the rod-like secondary structure, characteristic of Potato spindle tuber viroid and most other members of the family Pospiviroidae, are critical for replication and systemic trafficking. In contrast, rather than folding into a rod-like secondary structure, most members of the family Avsunviroidae adopt multibranched conformations occasionally stabilized by kissing-loop interactions critical for viroid viability in vivo. Besides these most stable secondary structures, viroid RNAs alternatively adopt during replication transient metastable conformations containing elements of local higher-order structure, prominent among which are the hammerhead ribozymes catalyzing a key replicative step in the family Avsunviroidae, and certain conserved hairpins that also mediate replication steps in the family Pospiviroidae. Therefore, different RNA structures – either global or local – determine different functions, thus highlighting the need for in-depth structural studies on viroid RNAs.Research in Ricardo FLores laboratory is presently supported by grant BFU2011-28443 from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC) of Spain. During this work Pedro Serra has been supported by postdoctoral contracts from the Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2010, program VALi+d) and the MEC (program Juan de la Cierva), and Sofia Minoia by a predoctoral fellowship from the MEC.Peer reviewedPeer Reviewe
Viroid diseases in pome and stone fruit trees and Koch s postulates: a critical assessment
[EN] Composed of a naked circular non-protein-coding genomic RNA, counting only a few hundred nucleotides, viroids¿the smallest infectious agents known so far¿are able to replicate and move systemically in herbaceous and woody host plants, which concomitantly may develop specific diseases or remain symptomless. Several viroids have been reported to naturally infect pome and stone fruit trees, showing symptoms on leaves, fruits and/or bark. However, Koch¿s postulates required for establishing on firm grounds the viroid etiology of these diseases, have not been met in all instances. Here, pome and stone fruit tree diseases, conclusively proven to be caused by viroids, are reviewed, and the need to pay closer attention to fulfilling Koch¿s postulates is emphasized. View Full-TextThis project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Scientific Exchange Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 734736. This publication reflects only the authors' view. The Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.Di Serio, F.; Ambros Palaguerri, S.; Sano, T.; Flores Pedauye, R.; Navarro, B. (2018). Viroid diseases in pome and stone fruit trees and Koch s postulates: a critical assessment. Viruses. 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/v101106121011Diener, T. O. (1971). Potato spindle tuber «virus». Virology, 45(2), 411-428. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(71)90342-4Flores, R., Minoia, S., Carbonell, A., Gisel, A., Delgado, S., López-Carrasco, A., … Di Serio, F. (2015). Viroids, the simplest RNA replicons: How they manipulate their hosts for being propagated and how their hosts react for containing the infection. Virus Research, 209, 136-145. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.027López-Carrasco, A., & Flores, R. (2016). 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The molecular characterization of 16 new sequence variants of Hop stunt viroid reveals the existence of invariable regions and a conserved hammerhead-like structure on the viroid molecule
The sequences described in this work have been deposited in the EMBL database and received accession numbers AJ297825 to AJ297840. Journal of General Virology, 82(4), 953-962. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-953SANO, T., HATAYA, T., TERAI, Y., & SHIKATA, E. (1986). Association of a viroid-like RNA from plum dapple disease occurring in Japan. Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences, 62(3), 98-101. doi:10.2183/pjab.62.98Hernandez, C., & Flores, R. (1992). Plus and minus RNAs of peach latent mosaic viroid self-cleave in vitro via hammerhead structures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(9), 3711-3715. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.9.3711Ambros, S. (1998). In vitro and in vivo self-cleavage of a viroid RNA with a mutation in the hammerhead catalytic pocket. Nucleic Acids Research, 26(8), 1877-1883. doi:10.1093/nar/26.8.1877Ambrós, S., Hernández, C., & Flores, R. (1999). Rapid generation of genetic heterogeneity in progenies from individual cDNA clones of peach latent mosaic viroid in its natural host
The data reported in this paper are in the EMBL nucleotide sequence database and assigned the accession nos AJ241818–AJ241850. Journal of General Virology, 80(8), 2239-2252. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-80-8-2239Fekih Hassen, I., Massart, S., Motard, J., Roussel, S., Parisi, O., Kummert, J., … Jijakli, M. H. (2007). Molecular features of new Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid variants suggest that recombination may have contributed to the evolution of this infectious RNA. Virology, 360(1), 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.021DUBÉ, A., BOLDUC, F., BISAILLON, M., & PERREAULT, J.-P. (2011). Mapping studies of the Peach latent mosaic viroid reveal novel structural features. Molecular Plant Pathology, 12(7), 688-701. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00703.xBussière, F., Ouellet, J., Côté, F., Lévesque, D., & Perreault, J. P. (2000). Mapping in Solution Shows the Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid To Possess a New Pseudoknot in a Complex, Branched Secondary Structure. Journal of Virology, 74(6), 2647-2654. doi:10.1128/jvi.74.6.2647-2654.2000FLORES, R., DELGADO, S., RODIO, M.-E., AMBRÓS, S., HERNÁNDEZ, C., & SERIO, F. D. (2006). Peach latent mosaic viroid: not so latent. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7(4), 209-221. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00332.xDesvignes, J. C. (1976). THE VIRUS DISEASES DETECTED IN GREENHOUSE AND IN FIELD BY THE PEACH SEEDLING GF 305 INDICATOR. Acta Horticulturae, (67), 315-323. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1976.67.41DESVIGNES, J. C. (1986). PEACH LATENT MOSAIC AND ITS RELATION TO PEACH MOSAIC AND PEACH YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS DISEASES. Acta Horticulturae, (193), 51-58. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1986.193.6Flores, R., & Llácer, G. (1989). ISOLATION OF A VIROID-LIKE RNA ASSOCIATED WITH PEACH LATENT MOSAIC DISEASE. Acta Horticulturae, (235), 325-332. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1989.235.47Rodio, M.-E., Delgado, S., Flores, R., & Serio, F. D. (2006). Variants of Peach latent mosaic viroid inducing peach calico: uneven distribution in infected plants and requirements of the insertion containing the pathogenicity determinant. Journal of General Virology, 87(1), 231-240. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81356-0Rodio, M.-E., Delgado, S., De Stradis, A., Gómez, M.-D., Flores, R., & Di Serio, F. (2007). A Viroid RNA with a Specific Structural Motif Inhibits Chloroplast Development. The Plant Cell, 19(11), 3610-3626. doi:10.1105/tpc.106.049775Navarro, B., Gisel, A., Rodio, M. E., Delgado, S., Flores, R., & Di Serio, F. (2012). Small RNAs containing the pathogenic determinant of a chloroplast-replicating viroid guide the degradation of a host mRNA as predicted by RNA silencing. The Plant Journal, 70(6), 991-1003. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04940.xWang, L., He, Y., Kang, Y., Hong, N., Farooq, A. B. U., Wang, G., & Xu, W. (2013). Virulence determination and molecular features of peach latent mosaic viroid isolates derived from phenotypically different peach leaves: A nucleotide polymorphism in L11 contributes to symptom alteration. Virus Research, 177(2), 171-178. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.08.005Zhang, Z., Qi, S., Tang, N., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Zhu, P., … Wu, Q. (2014). Discovery of Replicating Circular RNAs by RNA-Seq and Computational Algorithms. PLoS Pathogens, 10(12), e1004553. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004553Serra, P., Messmer, A., Sanderson, D., James, D., & Flores, R. (2018). Apple hammerhead viroid-like RNA is a bona fide viroid: Autonomous replication and structural features support its inclusion as a new member in the genus Pelamoviroid. Virus Research, 249, 8-15. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.001Messmer, A., Sanderson, D., Braun, G., Serra, P., Flores, R., & James, D. (2017). Molecular and phylogenetic identification of unique isolates of hammerhead viroid-like RNA from ‘Pacific Gala’ apple (Malus domestica) in Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 39(3), 342-353. doi:10.1080/07060661.2017.1354334Wu, Q., Wang, Y., Cao, M., Pantaleo, V., Burgyan, J., Li, W.-X., & Ding, S.-W. (2012). Homology-independent discovery of replicating pathogenic circular RNAs by deep sequencing and a new computational algorithm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(10), 3938-3943. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117815109Hadidi, A., Flores, R., Candresse, T., & Barba, M. (2016). Next-Generation Sequencing and Genome Editing in Plant Virology. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.0132
Identification and characterization of privet leaf blotch-associated virus, a novel idaeovirus
A novel virus has been identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in privet (Ligustrum japonicum L.) affected by a graft-transmissible disease characterized by leaf blotch symptoms resembling infectious variegation, a virus-like privet disease with an unclear aetiology. This virus, which has been tentatively named ‘privet leaf blotch-associated virus’ (PrLBaV), was absent in non-symptomatic privet plants, as revealed by NGS and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Molecular characterization of PrLBaV showed that it has a segmented genome composed of two positive single-stranded RNAs, one of which (RNA1) is monocistronic and codes for the viral replicase, whereas the other (RNA2) contains two open reading frames (ORFs), ORF2a and ORF2b, coding for the putative movement (p38) and coat (p30) proteins, respectively. ORF2b is very probably expressed through a subgenomic RNA starting with six nucleotides (AUAUCU) that closely resemble those found in the 5′-terminal end of genomic RNA1 and RNA2 (AUAUUU and AUAUAU, respectively). The molecular signatures identified in the PrLBaV RNAs and proteins resemble those of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), currently the only member of the genus Idaeovirus. These data, together with phylogenetic analyses, are consistent with the proposal of considering PrLBaV as a representative of the second species in the genus Idaeovirus. Transient expression of a recombinant PrLBaV p38 fused to green fluorescent protein in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy assays, showed that it localizes at cell plasmodesmata, strongly supporting its involvement in viral movement/trafficking and providing the first functional characterization of an idaeovirus encoded protein
Discovery and Survey of a New Mandarivirus Associated with Leaf Yellow Mottle Disease of Citrus in Pakistan.
During biological indexing for viruses in citrus trees, in a collection of Symons sweet orange (SSO) (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) graft inoculated with bark tissues of citrus trees from the Punjab Province in Pakistan, several SSO trees exhibited leaf symptoms of vein yellowing and mottle. High-throughput sequencing by Illumina of RNA preparation depleted of ribosomal RNAs from one symptomatic tree, followed by BLAST analyses, allowed identification of a novel virus, tentatively named citrus yellow mottle-associated virus (CiYMaV). Genome features of CiYMaV are typical of members of the genus Mandarivirus (family Alphaflexiviridae). Virus particles with elongated flexuous shape and size resembling those of mandariviruses were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The proteins encoded by CiYMaV share high sequence identity, conserved motifs, and phylogenetic relationships with the corresponding proteins encoded by Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV) and citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), the two current members of the genus Mandarivirus. Although CYVCV is the virus most closely related to CiYMaV, the two viruses can be serologically and biologically discriminated from each other. A reverse-transcription PCR method designed to specifically detect CiYMaV revealed high prevalence (62%) of this virus in 120 citrus trees from the Punjab Province, Pakistan, where the novel virus was found mainly in mixed infection with CYVCV and citrus tristeza virus. However, a preliminary survey on samples from 200 citrus trees from the Yunnan Province, China failed to detect CiYMaV in this region, suggesting that the molecular, serological, and biological data provided here are timely and can help to prevent the spread of this virus in citrus-producing countries
Specific Argonautes Selectively Bind Small RNAs Derived from Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid and Attenuate Viroid Accumulation In Vivo
Research in the laboratory of R. F. is currently funded by grant BFU2011-28443 from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO, Spain). S.M. has been supported by a fellowship and a pre-doctoral contract from MINECO. Research in the laboratory of B.N. and F.D.S. has been funded by a dedicated grant from the Ministero dell'Economia e Finanze Italiano to the CNR (CISIA; Legge no. 191/2009). Research in the laboratory of J.C.C. was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (MCB-0956526 and MCB-1231726) and the National Institutes of Health (AI043288)Minoia, S.; Carbonell, A.; Di Serio, F.; Gisel, A.; Carrinton, JC.; Navarro, B.; Flores Pedauye, R. (2014). Specific Argonautes Selectively Bind Small RNAs Derived from Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid and Attenuate Viroid Accumulation In Vivo. Journal of Virology. 88(20):11933-11945. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01404-14S11933119458820Flores, R., Hernández, C., Alba, A. E. M. de, Daròs, J.-A., & Serio, F. D. (2005). Viroids and Viroid-Host Interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 43(1), 117-139. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140243Tsagris, E. M., Martínez de Alba, Á. E., Gozmanova, M., & Kalantidis, K. (2008). Viroids. Cellular Microbiology, 10(11), 2168-2179. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01231.xDing, B. (2009). The Biology of Viroid-Host Interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47(1), 105-131. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081927Diener, T. O., & Raymer, W. B. (1967). Potato Spindle Tuber Virus: A Plant Virus with Properties of a Free Nucleic Acid. Science, 158(3799), 378-381. doi:10.1126/science.158.3799.378Gross, H. J., Domdey, H., Lossow, C., Jank, P., Raba, M., Alberty, H., & Sänger, H. L. (1978). Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid. Nature, 273(5659), 203-208. doi:10.1038/273203a0Grill, L. K., & Semancik, J. S. (1978). RNA sequences complementary to citrus exocortis viroid in nucleic acid preparations from infected Gynura aurantiaca. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 75(2), 896-900. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.2.896Ishikawa, M., Meshi, T., Ohno, T., Okada, Y., Sano, T., Ueda, I., & Shikata, E. (1984). A revised replication cycle for viroids: The role of longer than unit length RNA in viroid replication. Molecular and General Genetics MGG, 196(3), 421-428. doi:10.1007/bf00436189Branch, A. D., Benenfeld, B. J., & Robertson, H. D. (1988). Evidence for a single rolling circle in the replication of potato spindle tuber viroid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(23), 9128-9132. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.23.9128Feldstein, P. A., Hu, Y., & Owens, R. A. (1998). Precisely full length, circularizable, complementary RNA: An infectious form of potato spindle tuber viroid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(11), 6560-6565. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.6560Daros, J.-A., & Flores, R. (2004). Arabidopsis thaliana has the enzymatic machinery for replicating representative viroid species of the family Pospiviroidae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(17), 6792-6797. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401090101MÜHLBACH, H.-P., & SÄNGER, H. L. (1979). Viroid replication is inhibited by α-amanitin. Nature, 278(5700), 185-188. doi:10.1038/278185a0Flores, R., & Semancik, J. S. (1982). Properties of a cell-free system for synthesis of citrus exocortis viroid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 79(20), 6285-6288. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.20.6285Schindler, I.-M., & Mühlbach, H.-P. (1992). Involvement of nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in potato spindle tuber viroid replication: a reevaluation. Plant Science, 84(2), 221-229. doi:10.1016/0168-9452(92)90138-cGas, M.-E., Hernández, C., Flores, R., & Daròs, J.-A. (2007). Processing of Nuclear Viroids In Vivo: An Interplay between RNA Conformations. PLoS Pathogens, 3(11), e182. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030182Nohales, M.-A., Flores, R., & Daros, J.-A. (2012). Viroid RNA redirects host DNA ligase 1 to act as an RNA ligase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(34), 13805-13810. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206187109Gas, M.-E., Molina-Serrano, D., Hernández, C., Flores, R., & Daròs, J.-A. (2008). Monomeric Linear RNA of
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Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi: a request for a critical reassessment
Serra, P.; Carbonell, A.; Navarro, B.; Gago Zachert, S.; Li, S.; Di Serio, F.; Flores Pedauye, R. (2020). Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi: a request for a critical reassessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Online). 117(19):10126-10128. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922249117S10126101281171
Combined IASI-NG and MWS observations for the retrieval of cloud liquid and ice water path: a deep learning artificial intelligence approach
A neural network (NN) approach is proposed to combine future infrared (IASI-NG) and microwave (MWS) observations to retrieve cloud liquid and ice water path. The methodology is applied to simulated IASI-NG and MWS observations in the period January–October 2019. IASI-NG and MWS observations are simulated globally at synoptic hours (00:00, 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 UTC) and on a regular spatial grid (0.125° × 0.125°) from ECMWF 5-generation reanalysis (ERA5). The state-of-the-art σ-IASI and RTTOV radiative transfer codes are used to simulate IASI-NG and MWS observations, respectively, from the earth's state vector given by ERA5. A principal component analysis of the simulated IASI-NG observations is performed. Accordingly, a NN is developed to retrieve cloud liquid and ice water path from a combination of 24 MWS channels and 30 IASI-NG PCs. Validation indicates that this combination results in liquid and ice water path retrievals with overall accuracy of 1.85 10 −2 kg/m 2 and 1.18 10 −2 kg/m 2 , respectively, and 0.97 correlation with respect to reference values. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) for CLWP results in about 30% of the mean value (5.91 10 −2 kg/m 2 ) and 22% of the variability (1-sigma). Similarly, the RMSE for CIWP results in about 41% of the mean value (2.91 10 −2 kg/m 2 ) and 22% of the variability. Two more NN are developed, retrieving cloud liquid and ice water path from microwave observations only (24 MWS channels) and infrared observations only (30 IASI-NG PCs), demonstrating quantitatively the advantage of using the combination of infrared and microwave observations with respect to either one alone
Deep Sequencing of the Small RNAs Derived from Two Symptomatic Variants of a Chloroplastic Viroid: Implications for Their Genesis and for Pathogenesis
Northern-blot hybridization and low-scale sequencing have revealed that plants infected by viroids, non-protein-coding RNA replicons, accumulate 21–24 nt viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) similar to the small interfering RNAs, the hallmarks of RNA silencing. These results strongly support that viroids are elicitors and targets of the RNA silencing machinery of their hosts. Low-scale sequencing, however, retrieves partial datasets and may lead to biased interpretations. To overcome this restraint we have examined by deep sequencing (Solexa-Illumina) and computational approaches the vd-sRNAs accumulating in GF-305 peach seedlings infected by two molecular variants of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) inciting peach calico (albinism) and peach mosaic. Our results show in both samples multiple PLMVd-sRNAs, with prevalent 21-nt (+) and (−) RNAs presenting a biased distribution of their 5′ nucleotide, and adopting a hotspot profile along the genomic (+) and (−) RNAs. Dicer-like 4 and 2 (DCL4 and DCL2, respectively), which act hierarchically in antiviral defense, likely also mediate the genesis of the 21- and 22-nt PLMVd-sRNAs. More specifically, because PLMVd replicates in plastids wherein RNA silencing has not been reported, DCL4 and DCL2 should dice the PLMVd genomic RNAs during their cytoplasmic movement or the PLMVd-dsRNAs generated by a cytoplasmic RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR), like RDR6, acting in concert with DCL4 processing. Furthermore, given that vd-sRNAs derived from the 12–14-nt insertion containing the pathogenicity determinant of peach calico are underrepresented, it is unlikely that symptoms may result from the accidental targeting of host mRNAs by vd-sRNAs from this determinant guiding the RNA silencing machinery
Viroids: from genotype to phenotype just relying on RNA sequence and structural motifs
[EN] As a consequence of two unique physical properties, small size and circularity, viroid RNAs do not code for proteins and thus depend on RNA sequence/structural motifs for interacting with host proteins that mediate their invasion, replication, spread, and circumvention of defensive barriers. Viroid genomes fold up on themselves adopting collapsed secondary structures wherein stretches of nucleotides stabilized by Watson Crick pairs are flanked by apparently unstructured loops. However, compelling data show that they are instead stabilized by alternative non canonical pairs and that specific loops in the rod like secondary structure, characteristic of Potato spindle tuber viroid and most other members of the family Pospiviroidae, are critical for replication and systemic trafficking. In contrast, rather than folding into a rod-like secondary structure, most members of the family Avsunviroidae adopt multibranched conformations occasionally stabilized by kissing-loop interactions critical for viroid viability in vivo. Besides these most stable secondary structures, viroid RNAs alternatively adopt during replication transient metastable conformations containing elements of local higher-order structure, prominent among which are the hammerhead ribozymes catalyzing a key replicative step in the family Avsunviroidae, and certain conserved hairpins that also mediate replication steps in the family Pospiviroidae. Therefore, different RNA structures either global or local determine different functions, thus highlighting the need for in-depth structural studies on viroid RNAs.We thank Dr. J. A. Daros for critical reading and suggestions, Dr. B. Ding for kindly providing Figures 4 and 5, and Dr. M. de la Pena for kindly providing Figure 6. Research in Ricardo FLores laboratory is presently supported by grant BFU2011-28443 from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (MEC) of Spain. During this work Pedro Serra has been supported by postdoctoral contracts from the Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2010, program VALi+d) and the MEC (program Juan de la Cierva), and Sofia Minoia by a predoctoral fellowship from the MEC.Flores Pedauye, R.; Serra Alfonso, P.; Minoia, S.; Di Serio, F.; Navarro, B. (2012). Viroids: from genotype to phenotype just relying on RNA sequence and structural motifs. Frontiers in Microbiology. 3:217-1-217-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00217S217-1217-13
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