Pipe thread wear-resistant ultrasonic hardening unit

Pipe thread hardening unit had being developed, produced and trialed with usage of intensive radial ultrasonic vibrations. Microhardness trials had being held. As a result, it had been announced that microhardness was increased 2-3 times in comparison with unhardened base layer

Evolutionary trade-offs between reproduction and dispersal in populations at expanding range boundaries

During recent climate warming, some species have expanded their ranges northwards to keep track of climate changes. Evolutionary changes in dispersal have been demonstrated in these expanding populations and here we show that increased dispersal is associated with reduced investment in reproduction in populations of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria. Evolutionary changes in flight versus reproduction will affect the pattern and rate of expansion at range boundaries in the future, and understanding these responses will be crucial for predicting the distribution of species in the future as climates continue to warm

"Slow" light in metamaterials

We demonstrate that propagation of microwave pulses can be significantly affected by the presence of a planar fish-scale metamaterial, which is at least 30 times thinner than the wavelength. In the resonant band of the fish-scale structure, a spectrally narrow pulse (18 ns) can be significantly delayed (by 5.6 ns) as if propagating through an 84 cm thick dielectric (epsilon=3.77), while a short pulse (220 ps) will split in two roughly equal pulses propagating with subluminal and superluminal velocity respectively. We also interpret the response of the metamaterial in terms of effective material parameters

Methods and Apparatus for Measuring Thermopower and Electrical Conductivity of Thermoelectric Materials at High Temperatures

The principles and methods of thermopower and electrical conductivity measurements at high temperatures (100–1000 K) are reviewed. These two properties define the so-called power factor of thermoelectric materials. Moreover, in combination with thermal conductivity, they determine efficiency of thermoelectric conversion. In spite of the principal simplicity of measurement methods of these properties, their practical realization is rather complicated, especially at high temperatures. This leads to large uncertainties in determination of the properties, complicates comparison of the results, obtained by different groups, and hinders realistic estimate of potential thermoelectric efficiency of new materials. The lack of commonly accepted reference material for thermopower measurements exaggerates the problem. Therefore, it is very important to have a clear understanding of capabilities and limitations of the measuring methods and set-ups. The chapter deals with definitions of thermoelectric parameters and principles of their experimental determination. Metrological characteristics of state-of-the-art experimental set-ups for high temperature measurements are analyzed

Asymmetric transmission of light through a planar chiral metamaterial

We report that normal incidence transmission of circularly polarized light through lossy anisotropic planar chiral meta-material is asymmetric for opposite directions. The new effect is fundamentally distinct from conventional gyrotropy of bulk chiral media and the Faraday Effect

Мировой опыт и российская практика формирования доходов пенсионной системы: математические приемы оценки

The article is devoted to the methods of revenue formation of the Pension system. Effective functioning of the Pension system in any country depends on the applied methods of revenue formation of the State Pension system. Thus, the problems of the Russian pension system disclosed in the article are caused by the inefficient methods of revenue formation of the Pension Fund of Russia. The theoretical views on conditions that determine the quality of the work of the pension system are reviewed. The methods of revenue formation of State pension systems in different countries of the world and conducted pension reforms are analyzed. The studies evaluating the effectiveness and sustainability of State pension systems usually use mathematical methods and actuarial calculations. Mathematical apparatus applied in the article allowed calculating the formal conditions of balance of the State pension system, considering compliance with the equivalency and compensatory contributions and payments. The publication outlines the mathematical formulas that describe the conditions of equivalence and retribution observance. The study revealed that the methods of revenue formation of State pension systems are social insurance and social security. Social insurance applies the techniques of pension social risks redistributing insurance and social security uses tax tricks redistribution of the National income. The method of social security reduces the motivation of contributors to pay obligatory payments to the State Pension Fund. Therefore, in Russia there is significant evasion. The authors considered using the distribution and accumulation method of revenue formation of the State Pension system. The article demonstrates that, various methods of revenue formation of the State Pension system are actively used in the worldHighlights1. The balance between the pension system revenue and the expenses for pensions is an important characteristics of a national pension systems2. The stability of the pension system based on the distribution method of forming revenue is ensured by the compliance of the insurance premium tariff with the macroeconomic and demographic conditions of the country’s development; the stability of the pension system based on a funded method of forming revenue is ensured by the real annual return of pension savings placed in investment assets3. The Russian pension system is unbalanced due to the significant scale of evasion from the pension insurance contributions4. Mathematical calculations have shown that solving the problems of the Russian pension system is possible by increasing the motivation of citizens and organizations to pay the pension insurance contributions; expand the application of the funded method of pension system revenue formation and ensure a real level of return on the assets of pension savingsFor citation Budko S. A., Fedotov D. Yu. World Experience and Russian Practice of the Pension System’s Revenue Formation: Mathematic Methods of Estimation. Journal of Tax Reform, 2017, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 199–215. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2017.3.3.040Article info Received October 19, 2017; accepted November 27, 2017Статья посвящена исследованию методов формирования доходов пенсионной системы. Эффективность функционирования пенсионной системы любой страны мира во-многом определяется применяемыми методами формирования доходов национальной пенсионной системы. Поэтому раскрытые в статье проблемы российской пенсионной системы в немалой степени вызваны неэффективным применением методов формирования доходов Пенсионного фонда России. Рассмотрены теоретические взгляды различных авторов на условия, определяющие качество работы пенсионной системы. Проанализированы методы формирования доходов национальных пенсионных систем, применяемые в различных странах мира, и проводимые в них пенсионные реформы. Выявлено, что исследования, посвященные оценке эффективности и устойчивости функционирования пенсионных систем обычно опираются на математические методы, а также актуарные расчеты. Примененный в статье математический аппарат позволил рассчитать формальные условия сбалансированности национальной пенсионной системы с учетом соблюдения эквивалентности и возмездности взносов и выплат. В публикации изложены математические формулы, описывающие условия соблюдения эквивалентности и возмездности. В ходе исследования было выявлено, что методами формирования доходов пенсионной системы является социальное страхование и социальное обеспечение. Социальное страхование применяет страховые приемы перераспределения страхуемых в пенсионной системе социальных рисков, а социальное обеспечение использует налогово-бюджетные приемы перераспределения национального дохода. При этом метод социального обеспечения снижает мотивацию плательщиков уплачивать обязательные платежи в государственный пенсионный фонд. Поэтому в России наблюдаются значительные масштабы уклонения от их уплаты. Авторами рассмотрено использование распределительных и накопительных методов формирования доходов национальных пенсионных систем. В статье продемонстрировано, что в странах мира активно используются различные методы формирования доходов национальных пенсионных систем, опыт которых может быть востребован в РоссииОсновные положения1. Важнейшей характеристикой национальных пенсионных систем является сбалансированность между собранными доходами и расходами на выплату пенсий2. Устойчивость пенсионной системы, основанной на распределительном методе финансирования, обеспечивается благодаря соответствию тарифа страхового взноса макроэкономическим и демографическим условиям развития страны; для пенсионной системы, основанной на накопительном методе, устойчивость определяется обеспечением реальной годовой доходности пенсионных накоплений, размещенных в инвестиционные активы3. Российская пенсионная система является несбалансированной из-за значительных масштабов уклонения от уплаты страховых взносов4. Проведенные в ходе исследования математические расчеты показали, что решение проблем российской пенсионной системы возможно за счет повышения мотивации граждан и организаций к уплате страховых взносов, а также за счет расширения применения накопительного метода финансирования и обеспечения реального уровня доходности активов пенсионных накопленийДля цитирования Будько С. А. Мировой опыт и российская практика формирования доходов пенсионной системы: математические приемы оценки / С. А. Будько, Д. Ю. Федотов // Journal of Tax Reform. — 2017. — Т. 3, № 3. — С. 199–215. — DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2017.3.3.040Информация о статье Дата поступления 19 октября 2017 г.; дата принятия к печати 27 ноября 2017 г

Research to longevity brake lines on the exploitations

Brake lines are tested for strength and durability. However, tests of strength are short-term, but tests of durability are durable, since their aim is to assess the effectiveness of the brake linings during operation. Therefore, reduction of time evaluating the durability of brake linings exploitation is urgent. The article describes the results of the research on the longevity of the brake linings of different types of vehicles based on their controllable operation and the method of accelerated estimation of the longevity of brake linings based on the operation of their analogue

Achieving sharp spectral resonances in metamaterials via engaging closed-modes

We report the first experiential results on a new type of planar metallic metamaterials, which shows very narrow transmission and reflection resonances. The spectrally narrow responses are achieved by reducing the coupling between resonant inclusions and free-space via excitation of so-called "closed modes

Experimental Method of Temperature and Strain Discrimination in Polymer Composite Material by Embedded Fiber-Optic Sensors Based on Femtosecond-Inscribed FBGs

Experimental method of temperature and strain discrimination with fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) sensors embedded in carbon fiber-reinforced plastic is proposed. The method is based on two-fiber technique, when two FBGs inscribed in different fibers with different sensitivities to strain and/or temperature are placed close to each other and act as a single sensing element. The nonlinear polynomial approximation of Bragg wavelength shift as a function of temperature and strain is presented for this method. The FBGs were inscribed with femtosecond laser by point-by-point inscription technique through polymer cladding of the fiber. The comparison of linear and nonlinear approximation accuracies for array of embedded sensors is performed. It is shown that the use of nonlinear approximation gives 1.5–2 times better accuracy. The obtained accuracies of temperature and strain measurements are 2.6–3.8°C and 50–83 με in temperature and strain range of 30–120°C and 0–400 με, respectively