Am J Trop Med Hyg

Haiti has the lowest improved water and sanitation coverage in the Western Hemisphere and is suffering from the largest cholera epidemic on record. In May of 2012, an assessment was conducted in rural areas of the Artibonite Department to describe the type and quality of water sources and determine knowledge, access, and use of household water treatment products to inform future programs. It was conducted after emergency response was scaled back but before longer-term water, sanitation, and hygiene activities were initiated. The household survey and source water quality analysis documented low access to safe water, with only 42.3% of households using an improved drinking water source. One-half (50.9%) of the improved water sources tested positive for Escherichia coli. Of households with water to test, 12.7% had positive chlorine residual. The assessment reinforces the identified need for major investments in safe water and sanitation infrastructure and the importance of household water treatment to improve access to safe water in the near term.20132013-10-09T00:00:00

Exploring the Backstage of Translations: A study of translation-related manuscripts in the Anthony Burgess archives

This paper offers some preliminary considerations on the use of translators' manuscripts in translation research. It will be argued that the importance of studying translators' papers, aside from a philological interest, is crucial in reconstructing the prehistory and process of translations, and in analysing and evaluating the factors that influence translations, including the roles of the people involved in the translation process. More specifically, the application to translator's manuscripts of methods of enquiry developed by genetic criticism will be illustrated in a study of the available manuscripts pertaining to the Italian translation of Anthony Burgess's libretto Blooms of Dublin (1986). The aim of the study is to show the importance of developing a specific methodology for investigating the prehistory and process of translation. We will also argue that genetic criticism (Deppman, Ferrer, Groden 2004), while needing to be revised and adapted to the specificity of translated texts, offers a sound and effective methodology

Tradução para dublagem de autor, controle autoral e de performance nas versões dubladas dos filmes de Stanley Kubrick

Stanley Kubrick foi um dos poucos diretores de cinema que desempenhou um papel ativo na criação de versões fílmicas em língua estrangeira. Após a produção e direção de Laranja Mecânica, ele escolheu pessoalmente o diretor de dublagem para todas as versões dubladas e desempenhou um papel ativo na escolha do elenco de vozes (CHIARO, 2007; NORNES, 2007). Analisando uma variedade de fontes, este capítulo visa ilustrar a gênese das versões dubladas dos filmes de Kubrick, enfatizando o papel do diretor de cinema e seu nível de intervenção no processo de produção. Argumentar-se-á que, ao supervisionar todos os aspectos do processo de dublagem, Kubrick conferiu um status especial aos lançamentos em língua estrangeira de seus filmes, que devem ser considerados como versões autorizadas, às quais foi imposta uma marca autoral extraordinariamente inequívoca

Images of Youth on Screen: Manipulative Translation Strategies in the Dubbing of American Teen Films

Teen films have often been a locus of censorial intervention due to the sensitive issues that youth-centred stories most typically address, especially when it comes to the representation of family life, juvenile delinquency, violence, youth sexuality and language. This paper offers an analysis of the dubbed versions of three mainstream youth films from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, namely Rebel Without a Cause (Nicholas Ray, 1955), Splendor in the Grass (Elia Kazan, 1961) and The Summer of 42 (Robert Mulligan, 1971), with the aim to investigate whether the strategies adopted in their linguistic transfer were shaped by censorial concerns or by differences in the way juvenile cultures were represented locally. The study is based on documentary evidence gleaned from archival research and translator manuscript analysis (Munday 2012, 2013)

Analysing redubs: Motives, agents, and audience response

The term redub refers to a second or subsequent dubbed version of the same audiovisual product in the same target language. While the phenomenon has started to proliferate with the rapid expansion of the home-video market and has now reached considerable proportions, research on redubs is still limited. This paper aims to demonstrate the relevance of retranslation to audiovisual translation research and, more specifically, to examine the phenomenon of redubbing. Based on diachronic and synchronic data, this paper offers an analysis of the extent and proportions of the phenomenon in in the Italian context taking into account motives, agents, and viewers’ response. A small corpus of redubbed films is analysed in order to examine the process and effects of redubbing, the relationship between first and subsequent dubbings, the type of changes made in redubs, as well as the translational norms at work. The overall aim of the study is to test the so called Retranslation Hypothesis

Translation and Transcreation in the Dubbing Process: A Genetic Approach

This article aims to show the relevance of archival and manuscript research (Munday 2012, 2013) for the study of dubbing and focuses on the role played by the various figures involved in the translation process. The production process of dubbing involves a chain of agents who all contribute to “the creative construction of the target dialogue” (Taylor 1999: 432). The dialogue translator will usually do a rough translation, a more or less literal version of the dialogue list, which will then be passed on to the dialogue adapter, whose task is to create convincing dialogues that meet all the lip-sync requirements (Pavesi 2005, Chiaro 2009, Chaume 2012). We know that the dialogues are further altered in the subsequent stages of production, since both the dubbing director and the dubbing actors may intervene and modify the dubbing script to a greater or lesser extent (Bollettieri Bosinelli 2002: 87, Paolinelli and Di Fortunato 2005). A case study is discussed to illustrate the application of process-oriented methodologies based on manuscript analysis for investigating the issue of agency and creativity in dubbing

Investigating the genesis of translated films: A view from the Stanley Kubrick Archive

This article reports on a study of translation-related material in the Stanley Kubrick Archive, housed at the University of the Arts, London College of Communication. By examining a variety of documents from this extensive collection, it attempts to show what archival materials can reveal about the genesis of the foreign-language versions of Kubrick’s films, focusing on the film director’s role and degree of intervention in the translation process. Building on previous research on filmmakers’ role in translation and linking with recent developments in the research on accessible filmmaking. I argue that Kubrick’s case provides a significant example of ‘unorthodox’ practices within the film industry, offering an alternative model in which film translation is integrated within the creative process of filmmaking through the film director’s active participation in the translation process

Observing translation norms in dubbed audiovisuals: The case of vague language expressions

Vagueness is a common feature of everyday conversation that is frequently captured in fictional dialogue (Carter/McCarthy 2006; Biber et al. 1999; Quaglio 2009). The translation of vague language may pose problems for translators due to cross-cultural differences, not only because languages have “different socio-pragmatic norms and conventions for the appropriate deployment of vagueness” (Terraschke/Holmes 2007: 198), but also due to differences in the degree of vagueness that is allowed in discourse and in the functions attributed to vague language items (Cutting 2007; Overstreet 2011). Previous studies have shown that target language norms play a most significant role in dubbing (Pavesi 2008), hence we may expect target language communicative preferences and pragmatic norms to play a major role in the translation of vague language devices. The aim of this chapter is to investigate how vague language expressions are handled in dubbing translation. More specifically, it examines the impact of explicitation, cultural filtering and medium-specific constraints on translators’ choices