Konsep Pendidikan Islam dalam Al-Quran; Telaah Terhadap Surat Luqman Ayat 12-19

Pendidikan Islam pada hakikatnya berorientasi pada tujuan agama dan duniawi, yaitu membentuk generasi robbani yang taat pada hukum Tuhan, dan mampu menghadapi segala bentuk tantangan hidup yang ada, sehingga kehidupannya menjadi manfaat bagi dirinya dan lingkungan Hidup. Al-Quran merupakan firman Allah Swt yang menjadi pedoman bagi manusia, di dalamnya terdapat petunjuk sebagai penuntun umat manusia. Kajian di dalam Al-Quran terutama dalam surat Luqman ayat 12-19 sarat dengan nilai-nilai pendidikan dan metode pendidikan yang tergambar dalam nasehat Luqman terhadap anaknya. Pada surat Luqman ayat 12-19 ini terdapat sembilan metode pendidikan yang disampaikan oleh Luqman,yaitu: keteladanan, perintah dan larangan yang disertai dengan penjelasan, reward, punishment, cerita, nasehat yang menyentuh hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran konsep secara utuh dan menyeluruh mengenai pendidikan sebenarnya yang Allah atur dalam islam dan tercantum dalam kandungan surat Luqman ayat 12-19. Penelitian ini bersifat library research. Ada tiga alasan mengapa menggunakan penelitian pustaka saja, yaitu: Pertama, persoalan penelitian tersebut hanya bisa dijawab lewat penelitian pustaka dan sebaliknya tidak mungkin mengharapkan datanya dari riset lapangan.  Kedua, studi pustaka diperlukan sebagai salah satu tahap tersendiri, yaitu studi pendahuluan (prelinmary research) untuk memahami lebih dalam gejala baru yang tengah berkembang di lapangan atau dalam masyarakat. Ketiga, data pustaka tetap andal untuk menjawab persoalan penelitiannya. Bukankah perpustakaan merupakan tambang emas yang sangat kaya untuk riset ilmiyah. Informasi atau data empiric yang telah dikumpulkan orang lain, berupa laporan hasil penelitian atau laporan-laporan resmi, buku-buku yang tersimpan dalam perpustakaan tetap dapat digunakan oleh periset kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini menerangkan bahwa Kandungan al-Quran merupakan dasar ideal pendidikan Islam, yang secara garis besarnya dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu: Al-Qur'an mengandung hukum-hukum, aqidah dan kisah-kisah. Kategori kedua dan ketiga tersebut, merupakan kandungan al-Quran surat Luqman ayat 12-19 yang berisi tentang kisah Luqman.Dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa konsep pendidikan Islam yang terkandung dalam nasihat Luqman al-Hakim ini merupakan konsep pendidikan Islam yang sempurna dan menyeluruh. Metode yang dipergunakan pun sangat ideal yaitu dengan keteladanan, nasehat dan pengawasan

Molecular Identification and Diversity of Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis Species from Four Host Plants in Sarawak, Borneo Island (Malaysia)

Until recently, Pestalotiopsis species have been identified based on host relationship and conidial dimensions. Pestalotiopsis species occur as endophytes, saprobes and also pathogens of many plant hosts. This study used molecular phylogenetic relationships based on ITS sequence data to identify Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis species in addition to their conidial pigmentation from four host plants namely Macaranga triloba, Macaranga sp., Shorea macrophylla and Syzygium sp. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis of 18 Pestalotiopsis-like isolates from the four different host plants, the isolates clustered separately into three clades corresponding to their conidial morphology and conidial median cell pigmentation as Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, and Pseudopestalotiopsis irrespective of their host plant association. Among the four host plants studied, S. macrophylla hosts the highest diversity of Pestalotiopsis-like species while Syzygium sp. had the lowest diversity. This is the first report on the molecular phylogenetics and diversity of Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis species from Sarawak, Malaysia in line with recent re-classification in the genus. New records of Pestalotiopsis-like species were also recorded on new host plants

First report of Colleothrichum spp causing diseases in Capsichum spp in Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia

Blackish or orange liquid-like spots were found on (n=100) fruits of chillies (Capsicum) sold in five local markets in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. capsici were identified as the causal agents of an anthracnose disease. This is the first report of Colletotrichum spp. as the causal agent of anthracnose infected chillies in Sabah

Identification of volatile secondary metabolites from an endophytic microfungus Aspergillus nomius KUB105 [Pengenalpastian Metabolit Sekunder Meruap daripada Kulat Mikro Endofitik Aspergillus nomius KUB105]

Microfungi are a highly diverse group of micro-organisms and important components of the ecosystem with great potential for diverse metabolite production. During a survey of microfungi on leaves in a National Park in Sarawak, an uncommon endophytic microfungus Aspergillus nomius was encountered. The metabolite production of this microfungus was investigated by growing it in a liquid basal medium for 2 weeks. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) profiling of the secondary metabolites produced by this microfungus in the liquid medium revealed the presence of 46 different secondary metabolites. The metabolites include saturated hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols and an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Majority of the metabolites produced were saturated hydrocarbons. Tetracosane, Icosane and 10-Methylicosane were the most abundant metabolites identified while heptadecane and 2,4-dimethylundecane were the least abundant respectively. This study is the first GC-MS and FTIR report of secondary metabolites from A. nomius. The results from this study confirm the ability of microfungi to produce diverse metabolites, including saturated hydrocarbon

Effects of modified atmosphere storage on banana postharvest diseases and the control of bunch main-stalk rot

Banana (Musa, AAA) bunch-sections consisting of one hand attached to a short section of main-stalk were wound-inoculated with cultures of fungi isolated from diseased fingers, crowns, or main-stalks and stored in sealed polyethylene bags containing 3–7% oxygen, 10–13% carbon dioxide and <0.1 μl l−1 ethylene for 40 days at 20°C, then ripened with ethylene in air for nine days. Colletotrichum musae, Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans and Nattrassia mangiferae caused high infection incidence in unripe fingers during storage. These fungi also caused crown rot, but only F. moniliforme var. subglutinans caused main-stalk rot. Alternaria alternata and F. pallidoroseum both caused some infection in unripe fingers during storage, and both subsequently caused crown rot. A. alternata also infected main-stalks. Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Phomopsis musicola infected only ripening fingers, and F. culmorum infected only crowns and main-stalks. The pathogenicity of some isolates was changed by interposing storage between inoculation and ripening. C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides became unable to cause disease and F. culmorum caused less disease. In contrast, A. alternata and F. pallidoroseum became pathogenic to fingers, crowns and, in the case of A. alternata, to bunch main-stalks. Benomyl and prochloraz (500 mg l−1) controlled most diseases at inoculation sites, and naturally-occurring main-stalk rot. Prochloraz controlled more diseases than benomyl, and this control was usually more effective

Ohcratoxin producing Aspergillus spp. isolated from tropical soils in Sarawak, Malaysia

Aspergillus strains isolated from tropical soils were selected for additional characterization and for ochratoxin analysis, which was determined by ELISA method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles. Because of its great morphological variability and mycotoxin production availability, 18 isolates of Aspergillus species were selected for this study. Only two isolates of these tropical soils, A. sulphureus and A. carbonarius, showed positive results for ohcratoxin (OA) in lower concentration (0.05-0.10 µg/ml). Ochratoxin production by these species was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography. HPLC analysis for ochratoxin producing A. sulphureus and A. carbonarius showed retention time, Rt value = 4.417 and Rt value = 4.081 respectively

Bats (chiropteran) reported with Aspergillus species from Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia.

A preliminary survey of chiropterans (bats) with potential zoonotic fungi was conducted as part of the Sowell-UNIMAS Expedition 2006. This survey was conducted at Kubah National Park, Matang, Sarawak from 14th to 16th August 2006. The main aim of this survey was to document variety of fungal isolates from bats external (ears) and internal (saliva and anal) swabs. All of the fungi species were subjected to both macroscopic and microscopic observations to characterize their morphology. Out of 23 species of bats observed, 13 (56.5%) species were found to contain 17 fungi isolates of the genus Aspergillus from five subgenera, five sections and six species. The fungi isolates were Aspergillus restrictus, A. sydowii, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. clavatus and A. japonicus. The highest numbers of isolates recorded was for A. restrictus with six isolates followed by A. fumigatus and A. sydowii with two isolates respectively. Where as, A. niger, A. clavatus and A. japonicus each recorded with one isolate only. Aspergillus fumigatus was the first record isolated from bats the samples (n = 64) from Sarawak. It was reported that this isolate is a pathogenic and thermophilic (able to grow up to 65°C) isolate which was found to be on a lesion near ear opening of Hipposideros cervinus. Further work should be done to discover potential mycoflora in wildlife mammals

Short communication: Microfungal diversity on leaves of Eusideroxylon zwageri, a threatened plant species in Sarawak, Northern Borneo

Adebola AL, Sepiah M, Bolhassan MH, Wan Zamir M. 2015. Microfungal diversity on leaves of Eusideroxylon zwageri, a threatened plant species in Sarawak, Northern Borneo. Biodiversitas 16: 264-268. A survey of the microfungal communities on green leaves and leaf litters of an endangered plant species, Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. (belian) was carried out for the first time. A total of 200 leaf segments were plated on both water agar and malt extract agar. 74 fungal species were identified from both leaf types with more fungal taxa found on the green leaves, with a Shannon diversity index of 3.85 compared to that on litters, 2.63 and the similarity between the microfungal communities on both leaf types was low with a Bray-Curtis similarity index of 0.366. The most dominant species on both leaf types includes Aphanocladium areanarum, Trichoderma koningii, Nectria sp., Chalara pteridina, Hyphomycetes sp.3, hyaline Mycelia sterilia, Circinotrichum sp., Phoma sp., Acremonium macroclavatum, Chaetopsina sp., Physarum sp., Beltrania rhombica and Colletotrichum acutatum

Antimycotic screening of 58 Malaysian plants against plant pathogens

Ethanolic extracts of 58 Malaysian plants belonging to 24 different families were screened for antifungal activity against seven plant pathogens using the filter paper disc diffusion technique. Two varieties of Piper betle, showed strong activity against all the pathogens tested (Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium citrinum, Phomopsis caricae-papayae and Aspergillus niger), with inhibition diameters significantly (P<0·01) bigger than 2·5 mg ml−1 prochloraz or 10 mg ml−1 clotrimazole. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the ethanolic extracts of P. betle against these plant pathogens ranged between 0·01 mg ml−1 and 1 mg ml−1. Thirty-four other plants (Kucing gala, Limau batik, Bertholletia excelsa, Bixa orellana, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Cerbera odollam (fruits and leaves), Colocasia gigantea, Curcuma domestica, Curcuma manga, Derris eliptica, Elephantopus scaber, Eleusine indica, Eugenia polyantha, Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia tirucalli, Gardenia florida, Hedyotis auricularia, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Juniperus chinensis (three varieties), Lawsonia inermis, Lecythis ollaria, Mentha arvensis, Mimusops elengi, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus niruri, Piper nigrum, Piperomia pellucida, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Polygonum minus, Spondias dulcis, Solanum nigrum, Tinospora tuberculata) showed selective antifungal activity, while 21 species were inactive