Sistema de Derecho comparado y global: de las familias jurídicas mundiales al nuevo Derecho común

Reseña del libro: Sánchez-Bayón, Antonio. Sistema de Derecho comparado y global: de las familias jurídicas mundiales al nuevo Derecho común. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 201

Assessment of cytotoxicity biomarkers on the microalga "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" exposed to emerging and priority pollutants

[Abstract] Contamination of aquatic ecosystems linked to anthropogenic activity is currently a major concern; therefore, ecotoxicological studies are needed to assess its effect on organisms. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different pollutants on microalgae in search of sensitive biomarkers that can promote a common cytotoxic response regardless of the contaminant. Cultures of the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were exposed for 24 h to four chemicals, three emerging pollutants (benzophenone-3, bisphenol A and oxytetracycline) and one priority substance (atrazine). A cytometric panel was carried out to assess toxicity biomarkers including cellular growth, inherent cell properties, viability, vitality, cytoplasmic membrane potential and ROS levels. Lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic efficiency and transcriptional responses of photosynthesis- and oxidative stress-related genes using RT-qPCR were also studied. Some toxicity responses showed a similar pattern; a decrease in growth rate, vitality and photosynthetic efficiency and an increase in autofluorescence and in the number of cells with depolarised cytoplasmic membrane and were found for all chemicals tested. However, ATZ and OTC provoked a decrease in cell size, whereas BP-3 and BPA caused an increase in cell size, intracellular complexity and ROS levels and a decrease in cell viability. Assayed pollutants generally promoted an overexpression of genes related to cellular antioxidant defence system and a subexpression of photosynthesis-related genes. In addition to the traditional growth endpoint, cell vitality, autofluorescence and gene expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and Fe-superoxide dismutase were significantly affected for all chemicals tested, showing a common cytotoxic response. Among the tested substances, BP-3 provoked the strongest cytotoxic alterations on this microalga, pointing out that some emerging contaminants could be more harmful to organisms than priority pollutants.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad; CTM 2017- 88668-

Early alterations on photosynthesis-related parameters in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells exposed to atrazine: A multiple approach study

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were exposed to a sublethal concentration of thewidespread herbicide atrazine for 3 h. Physiological cellular parameters, such as chlorophyll a fluorescence and oxidative stress monitored by flow cytometry and pigments levels were altered in microalgal cells exposed to 0.25 μMof atrazine. Furthermore, the effects of this herbicide on C. reinhardtii were explored using “omics” techniques. Transcriptomic analyses, carried out by RNA-Seq technique, displayed 9 differentially expressed genes, related to photosynthesis, between control cultures and atrazine exposed cultures. Proteomic profiles were obtained using iTRAQ tags and MALDI-MS/MS analysis, identifying important changes in the proteome during atrazine stress; 5 proteins related to photosynthesis were downexpressed. The results of these experiments advance the understanding of photosynthetic adjustments that occur during an early herbicide exposure. Inhibition of photosynthesis induced by atrazine toxicity will affect the entire physiological and biochemical states of microalgal cells.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; CGL2010-15993/BO

Flow cytometric assay to assess short-term effects of personal care products on the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica

[Abstract] Large quantities of personal care products (PCPs) are used daily and many of their chemical ingredients are subsequently released into marine environments. Cultures of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica were exposed for 24 h to three emerging compounds included in the main classes of PCPs: the UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP-3), the disinfectant triclosan (TCS) and the fragrance tonalide (AHTN). Concentrations tested, expressed as cellular quota (pg cell−1), ranged from 5 to 40 for BP-3, from 2 to 16 for TCS and from 1.2 to 2.4 for AHTN. A small cytometric panel was carried out to evaluate key cytotoxicity biomarkers including inherent cell properties, growth and metabolic activity and cytoplasmic membrane properties. BP-3 caused a significant increase in growth rate, metabolic activity and chlorophyll a fluorescence from 10 pg cell−1. However, growth and esterase activity decreased in cells exposed to all TCS and AHTN concentrations, except the lowest ones. Also these two compounds provoked a significant swelling of cells, more pronounced in the case of TCS-exposed cells. Although all treated cells remained viable, changes in membrane potential were observed. BP-3 and AHTN caused a significant depolarization of cells from 10 to 1.6 pg cell−1, respectively; however all TCS concentrations assayed caused a noticeable hyperpolarization of cells. Metabolic activity and cytoplasmic membrane potential were the most sensitive parameters. It can be concluded that the toxicological model used and the toxicological parameters evaluated are suitable to assess the toxicity of these emerging contaminants

Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Cells Adjust the Metabolism to Maintain Viability in Response to Atrazine Stress

[Abstract] Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were exposed to a sublethal concentration of the widespread herbicide atrazine for 3 and 24 h. Physiological parameters related to cellular energy status, such as cellular activity and mitochondrial and cytoplasmic membrane potentials, monitored by flow cytometry, were altered in microalgal cells exposed to 0.25 M of atrazine. Transcriptomic analyses, carried out by RNA-Seq technique, displayed 12 differentially expressed genes between control cultures and atrazine-exposed cultures at both tested times. Many cellular processes were affected, but the most significant changes were observed in genes implicated in amino acid catabolism and respiratory cellular process. Obtained results suggestthatphotosynthesis inhibitionby atrazine leads cells to get energy throughaheterotrophic metabolism to maintain their viability

Toxicity induced by three antibiotics commonly used in aquaculture on the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butch

Aquaculture facilities are a potential source of antibiotics to the aquatic ecosystems. The presence of these compounds in the environment may have deleterious effects on non-target aquatic organisms such as microalgae, which are often used as biological indicators of pollution. Therefore, the toxicity induced by chloramphenicol (CHL), florphenicol (FLO) and oxytetracycline (OTC), three antibiotics widely used in aquaculture, on the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica was evaluated. Growth inhibition and physiological and biochemical parameters were analysed. All three antibiotics inhibited growth of T. suecica with 96 h IC50 values of 11.16, 9.03 and 17.25 mg L−1 for CHL, FLO and OTC, respectively. After 24 h of exposure no effects on growth were observed and cell viability was also unaffected, whereas a decrease in esterase activity, related with cell vitality, was observed at the higher concentrations assayed. Photosynthesis related parameters such as chlorophyll a cellular content and autofluorescence were also altered after 24 h of antibiotics addition. It can be concluded that T. suecica was sensitive to the three antibiotics tested

Cytotoxicity of BP-3 and BP-4: Blockage of Extrusion Pumps, Oxidative Damage and Programmed Cell Death on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG[Abstract] The health concern associated with the dangers related to exposure to UV radiation has led to an increase in the use of sunscreens containing UV-filters that can reach aquatic environments and possibly affect ecosystems. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and benzophenone-4 (BP-4) are two of the most used UV-filters. In the present work, the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was exposed to several concentrations of both chemicals. To evaluate their potential cytotoxicity on microalgal cells, different parameters were analysed including fast response biomarkers (increase in intracellular free Ca2+) as well as biomarkers related with the presence of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation), energy metabolism (photosynthetic yield and cytoplasmic lipid accumulations), cell division (proliferation and F-actin content), programmed cell death (PCD) (caspase activation and DNA fragmentation) and possible mechanisms of resistance to xenobiotics (operation of extrusion pumps and presence of autophagic vacuoles). Results showed an increment of the percentage of cells with cytosolic free Ca2+ that could act as a secondary messenger in response to the stress. A decrease in photosynthetic yield and an increase in cytoplasmic lipid accumulations and lipid peroxidation levels were also detected. In addition, a decrease in cell proliferation was observed, linked to a decrease in the percentage of cells with F-actin. The increase observed in the microalgal population with caspase activity, together with the DNA fragmentation and the alterations in the cytoskeleton, suggested the induction of processes linked to PCD. Moreover, a blockage of extrusion pumps, which could be related to the toxicity mechanism of these compounds, and an increase in autophagic vacuoles, as an attempt to repair the damage caused by benzophenones, were detected. Overall, these biomarkers indicate that both UV-filters can be a serious threat to non-target photosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic environments, although BP-3 affected C. reinhardtii more markedly.This research has been funded by Spanish “Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad” (CTM2017- 88668-R). M. S. and M. E. were funded by a grant from “Diputación Provincial de A Coruña

Antonio SÁNCHEZ-BAYÓN, Sistema de Derecho comparado y global: de las familias jurídicas mundiales al nuevo Derecho común

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Prevención de la anorexia nerviosa en la adolescencia: revisión bibliográfica

[Resumen] Introducción: La Anorexia Nerviosa forma parte de uno de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, caracterizada por la adopción de una serie de estrategias alimentarias inadecuadas cuyo fin es evitar el aumento de peso. Es la enfermedad psiquiátrica más frecuente en mujeres adolescentes y está relacionada con una seria comorbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Conocer las medidas de prevención, primaria, secundaria, terciaria y cuaternaria, de la anorexia nerviosa en la adolescencia, desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar en base a la evidencia científica. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las siguientes bases de datos: IBECS, LILACS, CINAHL (EBSCO) y MEDLINE (PubMed), obteniéndose un total de 13 artículos. Resultados: Prevención primaria: destaca la importancia de la educación para la salud, que garantice la información adecuada sobre los aspectos positivos de una alimentación y actividad física saludable. Prevención secundaria: resulta esencial el empleo de instrumentos de cribado, para la detección precoz y establecimiento del diagnóstico según los criterios clínicos existentes. Prevención terciaria: el tratamiento precisa de un enfoque multidisciplinar, lo que condiciona diferentes abordajes terapéuticos y la individualización del mismo. Prevención cuaternaria: necesidad de un seguimiento y elaboración de un plan de prevención con el fin de evitar recaídas. Discusión: El adecuado manejo de la Anorexia Nerviosa basado en la evidencia científica resulta de gran importancia, con el fin de incrementar la supervivencia y disminuir las recaídas.[Resumo] Introducción: A Anorexia Nerviosa forma parte dun dos trastornos da conducta alimentaria, caracterizada pola adopción dunha serie de estratexias alimentarias inadecuadas cuxo fin é evitar o aumento de peso. É a enfermidade psiquiátrica máis frecuente en mulleres adolescentes e está relacionada cunha seria comorbilidade e mortalidade. Obxectivo: Coñecer as medidas de prevención, primaria, secundaria, terciaria e cuaternaria, da anorexia nerviosa na adolescencia, desde unha perspectiva multidisciplinar en base á evidencia científica. Material e método: Realizouse unha búsqueda bibliográfica nas seguintes bases de datos: IBECS, LILACS, CINAHL (EBSCO) e MEDLINE (PubMed), obténdose un total de 13 artigos. Resultados: Prevención primaria: destaca a importancia da educación para a saúde, que garantice a información adecuada sobre os aspectos positivos dunha alimentación e actividade física saudable. Prevención secundaria: resulta esencial o empleo de instrumentos de cribado, para a detección precoz e establecemento do diagnóstico segundo os criterios clínicos existentes. Prevención terciaria: o tratamento precisa dun enfoque multidisciplinar, o que condiciona diferentes abordaxes terapéuticos e a individualización do mesmo. Prevención cuaternaria: necesidade dun seguimento e elaboración dun plan de prevención co fin de evitar recaídas. Discusión: O adecuado manexo da Anorexia Nerviosa baseado na evidencia científica resulta de gran importancia, co fin de incrementar a supervivencia e diminuir as recaídas.[Abstract] Introduction: Anorexia Nervosa is part of one of the disorders of eating behavior, characterized by the adoption of a series of inadequate food strategies whose purpose is to avoid weight gain. It is the most frequent psychiatric illness in adolescent women and is related to a serious comorbidity and mortality. Obxective: Know the prevention measures, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, of anorexia nervosa in adolescence, from a multidisciplinary perspective based on scientific evidence. Material and method: A bibliographic search was carried out in the following databases: IBECS, LILACS, CINAHL (EBSCO) and MEDLINE (PubMed), obtaining a total of 13 articles. Results: Primary prevention: highlights the importance of education for health, which guarantees adequate information on the positive aspects of a healthy diet and physical activity. Secondary prevention: The use of screening instruments is essential for the early detection and establishment of the diagnosis according to existing clinical criteria. Tertiary prevention: the precise treatment of a multidisciplinary approach, which conditions different therapeutic approaches and the individualization of it. Quaternary prevention: need for follow-up and preparation of a prevention plan in order to avoid relapses. Discussion: The proper scientific based management of Anorexia Nervosa is of great importance, in order to increase survival and reduce relapse.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.ENFC). Enfermaría. Curso 2018/201

A morte en feminino: análise literaria da recreación teatral do pranto tradicional galego

[Resumo] O obxectivo deste traballo é estudar a inserción e utilización do pranto tradicional galego en tres pezas teatrais da nosa literatura, coa finalidade de comprobar, e intentar demostrar, que este motivo e a súa recreación serviron como fonte de inspiración a diversos autores en distintos momentos da historia da literatura galega. Deste modo, o corpus textual co que traballamos componse de A Contenda dos Labradores de Caldelas (1671) de Gabriel Feixoo de Araúxo, Os vellos non deben de namorarse (1941) de Castelao e A noite vai coma un rio (1965) de Álvaro Cunqueiro. Para acadar o noso obxectivo optamos por dividir o traballo en dúas partes diferenciadas e achegármonos ao estudo do pranto desde unha dupla perspectiva. En primeiro lugar, desde o punto de vista antropolóxico, para o que acudimos a diversas fontes que documentaban esta perspectiva. Así, prestamos atención ao funcionamento do pranto como medio para racionalizar a dor provocada pola morte dun ser querido e que, como sinalan Marcial Gondar (1981) ou Filgueira Valverde (1977), segue un esquema determinado. En segundo lugar, desde o punto de vista literario, para o que fixemos unha revisión de textos que nos permitiu situar as primeiras mostras do pranto literario na Antigüidade Clásica, unha tradición que se afianzou na Idade Media e que sobreviviu como práctica popular até finais do século pasado. Para alén diso, ao estudar a inserción do pranto tradicional galego en diversas pezas teatrais quixemos atender tamén á súa dimensión teatral, é dicir, ás súas posibilidades de performatividade, para o que fixemos un breve percurso por distintas manifestacións do pranto que contemplan o espectáculo como un elemento estrutural. Desde as súas orixes esta práctica leva consigo unha performatividade que os autores dos textos aquí analizados manteñen nas súas obras. Canto á análise literaria dos textos, cómpre mencionar que a realizamos atendendo, simultaneamente, á súa estrutura, contido e forma. Así, en cada un dos textos cos que traballamos prestamos atención á estrutura dos prantos, revisando se neles se encontraban os elementos tradicionais e as distintas fases polas que este evoluciona. Tamén quixemos dar conta de quen son os axentes e puidemos comprobar que, en todos os casos, se trata de mulleres, iso si, con diferente grao de vinculación coa persoa defunta. Por último, canto á análise do texto teatral afondamos nas súas posibilidades representativas, nesa performatividade da que falamos anteriormente. A teatralidade do pranto, no texto teatral, está latente a través das diversas indicacións que os autores inclúen nas súas pezas mediante didascalias. A xestualidade e mais a música dan conta desa vontade de levar ás táboas unha práctica funeraria tradicional que xa de seu ten moito de teatral. Para concluírmos, podemos determinar que este traballo evidencia como ao longo do tempo se mantivo vixente esta manifestación ritual, unha das máis arraigadas na cultura popular galega. Tanto que chegou a se converter en materia literaria, de tal modo que autores de épocas diversas consideraron necesaria a inclusión nas súas obras.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.FIL). Galego e portugués estudios lingüísticos e literarios. Curso 2022/202