The emerging public health legislation in Ukraine

As Ukraine has started the legal process for a public health legislation, this narrative review attempts to: i) characterize recent legal acts (which are current as well as drafts) and international standards in the sphere of public health; ii) analyze the definitions of public health legally relevant to Ukraine, in particular: public health and public health protection; iii) discuss related definitions relevant to the health sector; iv) characterize the main subjects tasked to protect public health; v) and clarify the necessary educational innovations, which are the basis in the preparation of human resources for an efficient implementation of the public health concept. After referring to the current legislative process and a discussion of some of the concepts and terminologies available in the literature, the following understanding of the terminology is proposed here: i) ‘Public Health’ should be understood as mental and physical health of the population in a certain territory, determined by the best achievable demographic indicators, characterized by decreasing morbidity and mortality and increasing the potential to lead an active and long life; ii) the term ‘Public Health Protection’ (or, ‘Protection of Public Health’) should address a system of measures which are aimed at prevention and control of morbidity, optimization of demographic indicators, promoting a value-oriented state policy, securing biological and genetic safety and relying on joint societal efforts. It is essential that the implementation of a public health law is underpinned by adapting the postgraduate educational system to the new challenges in Ukraine

Working in the Accommodation Industry: an Experience at Tripas-Coração

This report is part of the curricular internship of the Master’s Degree in Intercultural Studies for Business, at the Porto Accounting and Business School (Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto). The internship was developed in the company Tripas-Coração, Lda., inserted in the tourism sector. Freedom of movement between countries and the democratization of transport has made intercultural flows possible in the majority of the world. This has led to some serious changes in culture and its commodification and in the way that cities are structured nowadays. Bearing this in mind, it is possible to identify that there is a growing need for the analysis and understanding of intercultural communication and its impact on society. These intercultural flows and communication are intrinsically linked to the area of tourism. This is a reality for Portugal, which benefits from it and also has to deal with new issues and their consequences. This also applies to the city of Porto, and it is necessary to admit the importance of adapting cultural discourses and behaviors to accommodate all cultures. The objective of this report is to present and describe the work developed at Tripas-Coração, a company that operates in the tourism industry in Porto. In this way, the tasks developed within the scope of the curricular internship will be described in order to be able to relate them to the knowledge acquired during the master's degree and previous education, while providing an analysis of the importance of this knowledge.O presente relatório enquadra o estágio curricular do Mestrado em Estudos Interculturais para Negócios, no Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto. O estágio foi desenvolvido na empresa Tripas-Coração, Lda., inserida na área do turismo. A liberdade de movimentação entre países e a democratização dos transportes tornaram os fluxos interculturais possíveis em grande parte do mundo. Isto levou a algumas mudanças na cultura e na sua comodificação e na forma como as cidades se estruturam atualmente. Tendo em conta isto, é possível identificar que existe uma crescente necessidade para a análise e a compreensão da comunicação intercultural e do seu impacto na sociedade. Estes fluxos e esta comunicação interculturais estão intrinssecamente ligadas à área do turismo. Isto é uma realidade para Portugal, que usufrui e que tem de lidar com estas novas questões e com as suas consequências. Isto também se aplica para a cidade do Porto, e é necessário admitir a importância de adaptar os discursos e os comportamentos culturais para acomodar todas as culturas. O objetivo deste relatório é apresentar e descrever o trabalho desenvolvido na Tripas-Coração, empresa que atua na atividade turística do Porto. Deste modo, as tarefas desenvolvidas no âmbito do estágio curricular serão descritas para ser possível relacionar as mesmas com os conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo do mestrado e de educação prévia e fornecer uma análise da importância destes conhecimentos

Essays in Industrial Organization

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The emerging public health legislation in Ukraine

As Ukraine has started the legal process for a public health legislation, this narrative review attempts to: i) characterize recent legal acts (which are current as well as drafts) and international standards in the sphere of public health; ii) analyze the definitions of public health legally relevant to Ukraine, in particular: public health and public health protection; iii) discuss related definitions relevant to the health sector; iv) characterize the main subjects tasked to protect public health; v) and clarify the necessary educational innovations, which are the basis in the preparation of human resources for an efficient implementation of the public health concept. After referring to the current legislative process and a discussion of some of the concepts and terminologies available in the literature, the following understanding of the terminology is proposed here: i) ‘Public Health’ should be understood as mental and physical health of the population in a certain territory, determined by the best achievable demographic indicators, characterized by decreasing morbidity and mortality and increasing the potential to lead an active and long life; ii) the term ‘Public Health Protection’ (or, ‘Protection of Public Health’) should address a system of measures which are aimed at prevention and control of morbidity, optimization of demographic indicators, promoting a value-oriented state policy, securing biological and genetic safety and relying on joint societal efforts. It is essential that the implementation of a public health law is underpinned by adapting the postgraduate educational system to the new challenges in Ukraine

A comparative analysis of informed consent legislation in Ukrainian and Latvian legislation and case law

CC BYInformed consent is one of the key principles in safeguarding human rights in the sphere of healthcare. It presupposes the expression of the patient’s free will relating to his medical examinations, treatment and diagnostic procedures, as well as the physician’s duty to inform the patient on the forthcoming medical interventions, including the facts regarding the potential risks of these medical interventions. This principle is one of the elements of contemporary medical law, which has marked the transfer from paternalistic medicine to a modern model of medicine, where the patient is an active participant in the process of medical treatment. In this paper, the authors illustrate the legal aspects of safeguarding the patient’s right to informed consent in the legislation and legal practices of Ukraine and the Republic of Latvia. The institute of informed consent, which needs to be safeguarded, as a key element of the legitimacy of a medical intervention (such as surgery, or vaccination), requires a specific form of fulfillment, which is conducted in writing. A medical intervention, excluding cases of emergency, is legitimate only when the consent of the patient is provided; unconsented medical interventions frequently cause lawsuits, where plaintiffs seek to recover damages for performance of a medical intervention without their informed consent. The authors have highlighted these issues while commenting on the recent case law of the Supreme Court of Ukraine and the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia

Влияние полиморфизма геномов онкогенных вирусов на риск возникновения опухолей человека и их специфическая профилактика

Numerous studies have shown that approximately 20 % of all human tumors are neoplasms of an infectious nature. This review is an attempt to summarize the current understanding of the role of known human oncogenic viruses and their genetic variants on the risk of the human cancers development, as well as to show the existing measures of specific prevention of virus-induced tumors. It was paid also attention to the interaction between viral and cellular proteins, including tumor suppressors, and to the evaluation the significance of this interaction for specific oncogenic viruses and virus-associated tumors.Многочисленными исследованиями доказано, что примерно 20 % всех опухолей человека являются новообразованиями инфекционной природы. Данный обзор представляет собой попытку суммировать современные представления о роли известных онкогенных вирусов и их генетических вариантов в риске возникновения опухолей человека, а также показать существующие меры специфической профилактики вирус-индуцированных опухолей. Уделено также внимание вопросам взаимодействия между вирусными белками и клеточными белками, включая опухолевые супрессоры, и оценена значимость такого взаимодействия для конкретных опухолеродных вирусов и ассоциированных с ними опухолей

Human Herpesvirus 8, Southern Siberia

International audienceLette

Epstein-Barr Virus in Patients with Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Background. A close relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) has been established in approximately 1/3 patients. EBV-positive lymphomas are characterized by increased level of EBV specific antibodies emerging long before tumor symptoms, аs well as a high plasma EBV DNA concentration. These viral markers normally correlate with clinical manifestations and the outcome of treatment performed. In patients with EBV-negative lymphomas, however, there has been no attempt to assess the clinical significance of either humoral response to EBV or EBV DNA concentration in plasma. Aim. To evaluate diagnostic and prognostic significance of EBV markers in patients with EBV-negative lymphomas. Methods. The clinical trial included 13 cHL-patients admitted at the Department of chemotherapy of hemoblastoses of NN Blokhin National Medical Cancer Research Center. The male to female ratio was 1:1.3, the median age was 26.4 years. Leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were evaluated in all the patients before, during, and after treatment as well as throughout the follow-up period. The same indicators were analysed in the control group which contained 40 healthy persons (with the median age of 41.1 years, male to female ratio 1.5:1). The study was based on serologic test for EBV antibodies and quantitative analysis of the viral DNA copy number in plasma. Results. The obtained data show a low immunie response to EBV and its diminishment after several polychemotherapy treatment cycles, correlating with decreased leukocyte and lymphocyte levels. As opposed to levels of virus-specific antibodies which do not reflect the efficacy of anticancer therapy, plasma EBV DNA concentration in 2 patients decreased to 0 after remission had been achieved. Conclusion. Although the number of observations is limited, one could suggest that viral load values in plasma of patients with EBV-negative lymphomas can prove to be a useful marker of anticancer therapeutic effect. Additional studies of these markers are required

Epstein–Barr virus LMP1 oncogene polymorphism in tatar and slavic populations in Russian Federation impacting on some malignant tumours

Objective: To compare genetic structure of the main Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) oncogene, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), in EBV strains circulating in two genetically distinct ethnic populations in Russian Federation, Tatars and Slavs, as well as assess an impact of diverse LMP1 variants on incidence and mortality rate for some malignant tumors partially associated with EBV infection. Materials and methods. Oral washing samples were collected from 60 ethnic Kazan Tatars and 65 ethnic Moscow Slavics. Carboxy-terminal nucleotide sequences (41 and 40 sequences, respectively) derived from hypervariable LMP1 gene region were amplified from EBV DNA samples. Next, final nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acid sequences and analyzed according to classification by Edwards et al. Results. Analysis of 41 and 40 LMP1 samples obtained from ethnic Kasan Tatars and ethnic Moscow Slavics, respectively, revealed significant difference in relevant amino acid structures. In particular, all LMP1 samples derived from Moscow Slavics were found to belong to the four protein variants: B95.8/A, Med–, China1 and NC. Among them, low-transforming variant B95.8/A was dominant (82.5%). In contrast, solely 21 out of 41 LMP1 samples derived from ethnic Tatars were classified as B95.8/A, Med– and China1 variants. Importantly, the percentage of low-transforming B95.8/A variant among ethnic Tatar samples was significantly lower compared to that one found in Moscow Slavics (29.3% vs. 82.5%). On the other hand, seven (17.1%) out of 20 other samples formed a unique protein mono group characterized by LMP1 amino acid sequence differed from that one available in the GenBank database. Such group of variants was designated as LMP1-TatK. The remaining 13 samples (31.7%) did not match either protein variants, thereby forming the “beyond classification” (LMP1-TatBC) group. Conclusion. The data obtained suggest that various LMP1 variants exist in EBV strains persisting in ethnic Tatrs and ethnic Slavics examined in Russian Federation. It was also found that EBV strains isolated from ethnic Tatars contained a unique LMP1 gene variant encoding protein LMP1-TatK lacked in EBV strains derived from ethnic Moscow Slavics. Taking into account the genealogy of Tatars, it cannot be ruled out that EBV strain bearing LMP1-TatK variant represented ethnically specific EBV strain that might circulate many centuries ago among their historical human predecessors called Mongol-Tatar tribes. In addition, it was shown that the LMP1 variants in EBV strains isolated from ethnic Kazan Tatars and ethnic Moscow Slavics did not affect the incidence and mortality of different forms of cancer consisting of EBV-associated cases