Cluster Based Intrusion Detection Technique for Wireless Networks

Wireless networks are vulnerable to spoofing attacks, which allows for many other forms of attacks on the networks. Although th e identity of a node can be verified through cryptographic authentication, authentication is not always possible because it requires key management and additional infrastructural overhead. In this paper we propose a method for both detect ing spoofing attacks, as well as locating the positions of adversaries performing the attacks. We propose to use the spatial correlation of received signal strength (RSS) inherited from wireless nodes to detect the spoofing attacks. We then formulate the problem of determin ing the number of attackers as a multiclass detection problem. Cluster - based mechanisms are developed to determine the number of attackers. When the training data are available, we explore using the Support Vector Machines (SVM) method to further improve t he accuracy of determining the number of attackers. In addition, we developed an integrated detection and localization system that can localize the positions of multiple attackers. We evaluated our techniques through two test beds using both an 802.11 ( Wi - Fi ) network and an 802.15.4 network in two real office buildings. Our experimental results show that our proposed methods can achieve over 90 percent Hit Rate and Precision when determining the number of attackers. Our localizatio n results using a represen tative set of algorithms provide strong evidence of high accuracy of localizing multiple adversaries

DEVELOPING A SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ADOLESCENT INTERNET USERS AND IDENTIFYING CRITERIA TO ASSESS PSYCHOSOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Abstract Background and Aim: To develop a semi-structured questionnaire and identify items relevant to adolescent internet users' psychosocial and occupational performance. Objectives: To create a semi-structured questionnaire to evaluate adolescent’s internet usage patterns. To choose the questions to be used in evaluating the psychological and academic performance of adolescents to examine adolescent’s internet usage trends. Methods: The development of the assessment tool The review looks at the literature on model of human occupation, occupational therapy practice framework, item response theory, and item development steps that are connected to psychosocial and occupational characteristics of adolescent internet users. Develop a semi-structured questionnaire and distribute it to experts for feedback, followed by preliminary testing and data analysis. Based on that, the developed questionnaire will be given to an expert focus group discussion, followed by item development and the finalization of the response adolescent internet user’s assessment tool. Results: The findings display the demographic distribution. The results of the semi-structured questionnaire revealed the following factors: The ranking of internet activities, other than Internet use, common activities first time using the internet, types, importance, time, positive, negative, and internet device item generation. Conclusions: Excessive internet use is detrimental for one's physical and mental health. The majority of adolescent internet users live in cities (46.7%); internet time consumption has increased with laziness (56%); internet access is a smartphone (93.3%); they lie down in their room with a phone or laptop before using the internet (56.7%); they play online games (50%); and they frequently watch YouTube (40%), uploading/downloading movies or songs (30%). The internet interferes with academic work, such as during class and examination hours (73.3%), and reveals any physical obstacles (63.3%)such as back pain, neck discomfort, hand pain, and eye abnormalities, as well as interrupts work/concentration (43.3%). The findings indicate a strong desire to create novel items as well as a psychosocial and occupational performance assessment tool

Performance of Foxtail Millet based Intercropping System for Improving the Productivity, Sustainability and Economics in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu Under Irrigated Conditions

Like other small millets, foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is also rich in nutrients and as a short duration crop it fits to different cropping systems . Field experiment was carried out at Eastern block farm, Agriculture college and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu during summer season to study the performance of Foxtail millet based intercropping system for improving the productivity, sustainability and economics in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu under irrigated conditions. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments and replicated three times. It comprised of seven treatments viz., T1 - Foxtail millet (sole crop), T2 - Foxtail millet + green gram (3:1), T3 - Foxtail millet + Vegetable cowpea (3:1), T4 - Foxtail millet + Coriander (3:1), T5 - Foxtail millet + green gram (4:1), T6 - Foxtail millet + Vegetable cowpea (4:1), T7 - Foxtail millet + Coriander (4:1). The results clearly showed that the highest grain and straw yield under intercropping system was obtained when foxtail millet was intercropped with vegetable cowpea it was closely followed by intercropping with green gram. The foxtail millet grain equivalent yield (FMGEY) was computed to be in the range of 2411 to 3873 kg ha-1. The highest values for FMGEY were obtained with vegetable cowpea at two different ratios intercropping, whereas intercropping with green gram (4:1) resulted in lowest FMGEY.  Foxtail millet intercropped with vegetable cowpea at 3:1 ratio  recorded highest B:C ratio of  2.59. Intercropping index like land equivalent ratio was higher in all intercropping systems except coriander (1.1) at two different ratios, relative crowding coefficient (RCC)  was higher in foxtail millet + vegetable cowpea (1.0) at 3:1 ratio and competition index (CI) was higher in foxtail  millet + coriander  (1.09) at 4:1 ratio

Synthesis, spectral characterization, theoretical, antimicrobial, DNA interaction and in vitro anticancer studies of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with pyrimidine-morpholine based Schiff base ligand

Novel Cu(II) (1) and Zn(II) (2) complexes with 4-(1-(4-morpholinophenyl)ethylideneamino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile) (L) have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. DFT (density functional theory) studies result confirms that, LMCT mechanism have been done between L and M(II) ions. The antimicrobial studies indicate that the ligand L and complexes 1 & 2 exhibit higher activity against the E. coli bacteria and C. albicans fungi. The groove binding mode of ligand L and complexes 1 & 2 with CT-DNA have been confirmed by electronic absorption, competitive binding, viscometric and cyclic voltammetric studies. The electronic absorption titration of ligand L and complexes 1 & 2 with DNA have been carried out in different buffer solutions (pH 4.0, 7.0 & 10.0). The Kb values of ligand L and complexes 1 & 2 are higher in acidic buffer at pH 4.0 (Kb = 2.42 × 105, L; 2.8 × 105, 1; 2.65 × 105, 2) and the results revealed that, the interaction of synthesized compounds with DNA were higher in the acidic medium than basic and neutral medium. Furthermore, CT-DNA cleavage studies of ligand L and complexes 1 & 2 have been studied. The in vitro anticancer activities results show that complexes 1 & 2 have moderate cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines and low toxicity on normal cell line than ligand L. Keywords: Pyrimidine, Morpholine, DFT, Antimicrobial, DNA binding, Anticancer studie

Outright Green Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Eutrophic Algal Blooms for In Vitro Imaging

Carbon dots (CDs) synthesized from biological sources have attracted much interest in bioimaging and biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, and thus, a facile synthesis of CDs with high fluorescence quantum yield (QY) is requisite for practical applications. In this work, we report a simple, rapid, and green approach to synthesize photoluminescent CDs using eutrophic algal blooms as the carbon source. This method offers a possibility for large scale production of highly luminescent CDs (QY = 13%) with the average particle size ∼8 nm. These CDs are highly water-soluble and exhibit nanosecond fluorescence lifetime with high photostability, luminescence stability in different environments, low cytotoxicity, and excellent cell permeability. Laser scanning confocal microscopy shows the uptake of CDs by MCF-7 cells, and the destined application of these CDs as a potential biomarker is demonstrated

Resistance Profiles to Second-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs and Their Treatment Outcomes: A Three-Year Retrospective Analysis from South India

Background: Patients with first-line drug resistance (DR) to rifampicin (RIF) or isoniazid (INH) as a first-line (FL) line probe assay (LPA) were subjected to genotypic DST using second-line (SL) LPA to identify SL-DR (including pre-XDR) under the National TB Elimination Program (NTEP), India. SL-DR patients were initiated on different DR-TB treatment regimens and monitored for their outcomes. The objective of this retrospective analysis was to understand the mutation profile and treatment outcomes of SL-DR patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of mutation profile, treatment regimen, and treatment outcome was performed for SL-DR patients who were tested at ICMR-NIRT, Supra-National Reference Laboratory, Chennai between the years 2018 and 2020. All information, including patient demographics and treatment outcomes, was extracted from the NTEP Ni-kshay database. Results: Between 2018 and 2020, 217 patients out of 2557 samples tested were identified with SL-DR by SL-LPA. Among them, 158/217 were FQ-resistant, 34/217 were SLID-resistant, and 25/217 were resistant to both. D94G (Mut3C) of gyrA and a1401g of rrs were the most predominant mutations in the FQ and SLID resistance types, respectively. Favorable (cured and treatment complete) and unfavorable outcomes (died, lost to follow up, treatment failed, and treatment regimen changed) were recorded in a total of 82/217 and 68/217 patients in the NTEP Ni-kshay database. Conclusions: As per the testing algorithm, SL- LPA is used for genotypic DST following identification of first-line resistance, for early detection of SL-DR in India. The fluoroquinolone resistance pattern seen in this study population corelates with the global trend. Early detection of fluoroquinolone resistance and monitoring of treatment outcome can help achieve better patient management