Synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymer for fabrication of thermo-responsive cotton fabric

385-397Thermo-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymer has been synthesized by free radical addition polymerization method. The chemical structure of the synthesized polymer has been clarified by FTIR spectroscopy and 1 H NMR analyses. Turbidity test shows that the synthesized polymer exhibits thermo-responsive properties, depending on change in temperature. Its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) value is measured as 31°C by DSC analysis. The PNIPAM polymer is then applied onto the cotton fabric in two different concentrations using double-bath impregnation method. Change in hydrophilic character of the fabric, which is temperature dependent, has been revealed by drop and absorption capacity tests, contact angle measurement and surface energy calculation. The test results show that the fabrics exhibit thermoresponsive behavior. Their hydrophilic character is turned to the hydrophobic character above LCST of the polymer. The water vapor permeability of the polymer treated fabrics at temperatures above LCST increases as compared to the untreated fabric due to the increase in fabric porosity. Below LCST, water vapor permeability is increased because of the increasing hydrophility. Consequently, it is concluded that the water vapor permeability of the fabrics can be controlled by changing the temperaturedependent hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristic and porosity, resulting from swelling or shrinkage of the polymer molecules

An expert system design for selecting electronic marketplace in e-commerce

Farklılaşan yaşam koşulları ve internet teknolojilerinde son zamanlarda yaşanan gelişmelerle hem tüketicilerin hem de işletmelerin bakış açıları değişmektedir. Bunlarla birlikte e-ticaret gelişen ve değişen dünya düzeni ile birlikte hız kazanmaktadır. İşletmelerin yaşanan değişimlerle fiziksel olarak yaptıkları satış artık yeterli olmamakla birlikte kendilerini geliştirmeleri ve daha fazla kâr elde edebilmeleri için elektronik ticarete girmeleri zorunlu hâle gelmiştir. Günümüzde çok kategorili elektronik pazaryerlerinin sayısı sürekli olarak artmakta ve ürünlerini bu platformlarda satışa sunmak isteyen işletmelerin doğru seçimi yapmaları giderek zorlaşmaktadır. Yapay zekâ dallarından biri olan uzman sistemler günümüzde en çok kullanılan ve en çok geliştirilen dallar arasında bulunmaktadır. Uzman sistemler belirli bir alan çerçevesinde insanların bilgi ve deneyimlerini açıklayabilen, problemlere uzmanların bakış açısıyla çözümler ve öneriler sunan sistemlerdir. Bu tez çalışmasında petshop sektöründe faaliyet gösteren, toptan ve perakende olarak evcil hayvan ürünleri satışa sunan bir firmanın elektronik ticaret alanında satış yapacağı e-pazaryeri seçim problemi ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada e-pazaryeri seçimine yönelik önem arz eden özellikler belirlenmiş uzman sistem için bu özellikler ile bilgi tabanı ve kural tabanı oluşturulmuştur. Uzman sistemin çıkarım mekanizması veri tabanı olarak Microsoft SQL Server 2018 kullanacak ve saklayacak şekilde, Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 ortamında C# programlama dili kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Uygulama sonucunda e-pazaryeri seçimi uygulamasının yapılmasının satıcılar için önemi vurgulanmış, bu kapsamda uygulamada yapılabilecek öneriler sunulmuştur.With the differentiating living conditions and recent developments in internet technologies, the perspectives of both consumers and businesses have been changing. Along with these, e-commerce has been gaining momentum with the developing and changing world order. Although the physical sales of businesses are no longer sufficient with the changes experienced, it has become compulsory to enter electronic commerce in order to improve themselves and earn more profit. Nowadays, the number of multi-category electronic marketplaces is constantly increasing and it is getting difficult for businesses to sell their products on these platforms and making right choice. Expert systems, one of the branches of artificial intelligence, are among the most used and developed branches today. Expert systems are systems that can explain the knowledge and experience of people within the scope of a certain field, and offer solutions and suggestions to problems from the perspective of experts. In this thesis, the problem of choosing e-marketplace for a company operating in the petshop sector and offering wholesale and retail pet products to sell in the field of electronic commerce is discussed. In the study, the features that are important for e-marketplace selection were determined, and a knowledge base and rule base were created for the expert system with these features. It was prepared using C# programming language in Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 environment to use and store Microsoft SQL Server 2018 as an expert system inference database. As a result of the practice, the importance of the e-marketplace selection application for the sellers has been emphasized, and suggestions that could be made in practice were presented in this context

Synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymer for fabrication of thermo-responsive cotton fabric

Thermo-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymer has been synthesized by free radical addition polymerization method. The chemical structure of the synthesized polymer has been clarified by FTIR spectroscopy and 1H NMR analyses. Turbidity test shows that the synthesized polymer exhibits thermo-responsive properties, depending on change in temperature. Its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) value is measured as 31°C by DSC analysis. The PNIPAM polymer is then applied onto the cotton fabric in two different concentrations using double-bath impregnation method. Change in hydrophilic character of the fabric, which is temperature dependent, has been revealed by drop and absorption capacity tests, contact angle measurement and surface energy calculation. The test results show that the fabrics exhibit thermo-responsive behavior. Their hydrophilic character is turned to the hydrophobic character above LCST of the polymer. The water vapor permeability of the polymer treated fabrics at temperatures above LCST increases as compared to the untreated fabric due to the increase in fabric porosity. Below LCST, water vapor permeability is increased because of the increasing hydrophility. Consequently, it is concluded that the water vapor permeability of the fabrics can be controlled by changing the temperature-dependent hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristic and porosity, resulting from swelling or shrinkage of the polymer molecules

Výroba nanovláken elektrospuningem za použití koaxiální snovací trysky, využití olivového oleje a želatinového polymeru

Tato studie pojednává o výrobě nanovláken elektrospuningem (elektrostatickým zvlákňováním) obsahujícím olivový olej s pomocí želatinového polymeru. Olivový olej je přírodní zelený rostlinný olej, který je bohatý na vitaminy, karoten a mnoho stopových prvků. Olivový olej má mnoho funkcí ve výživě a zdravotní péči a je bohatý na esenciální mastné kyseliny, včetně vitamínu A, D, E, K a dalších antioxidačních látek, které mohou být rychle vstřebávány v těle a pomáhají udržovat pokožku pružnou a vlhkou. Z tohoto důvodu jsme se v této studii zaměřili na výrobu nanovlákenné vrstvy obsahující olivový olej, která může být využita v oblasti medicíny. Nanovlákna jsou tažena metodou dvousložkového elektrostatického zvlákňování za použití koaxiální snovací trysky

Fabrication of thermoresponsive cotton graft PNIPAA fabric

The aim of this study is to produce thermoresponsive cotton fabric. For this aim, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAA) polymer was synthesized and grafted on the cotton fabric by free radical polymerization method. PNIPAA-grafted cotton fabric (PNIPAA-g-CF) was characterized chemically and morphologically and tested to investigate thermoresponsive property. Morphology and chemical structure of PNIPAA-g-CF were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer analysis, respectively. The results of this study indicated that PNIPAA polymer synthesis and coating on to the cotton fabric surface was realized successfully. Thermoresponsive behaviour of PNIPAA-g-CF was determined by optical microscopy (OM) analysis, and wetting time, water uptake, water vapour permeability and contact angle measurements were performed at different temperature. The results indicated that hydrophilic characteristic of the fabric changed to the hydrophobic depending on increasing temperature. Besides, the pores of the fabric were getting bigger with increasing temperature. All results showed that the PNIPAA-g-CF exhibited thermoresponsive behaviour. © 2018, © 2018 The Textile Institute.4486-D2-16This work was financially supported by the Suleyman Demirel University (Project No. 4486-D2-16)

Produktion von Nanofasern durch elektrostatische Verspinnung unter Verwendung von koaxialen Schärdüsen, Nutzung von Olivenöl und Gelatinepolymeren

Tato studie pojednává o výrobě nanovláken elektrospuningem (elektrostatickým zvlákňováním) obsahujícím olivový olej s pomocí želatinového polymeru. Olivový olej je přírodní zelený rostlinný olej, který je bohatý na vitaminy, karoten a mnoho stopových prvků. Olivový olej má mnoho funkcí ve výživě a zdravotní péči a je bohatý na esenciální mastné kyseliny, včetně vitamínu A, D, E, K a dalších antioxidačních látek, které mohou být rychle vstřebávány v těle a pomáhají udržovat pokožku pružnou a vlhkou. Z tohoto důvodu jsme se v této studii zaměřili na výrobu nanovlákenné vrstvy obsahující olivový olej, která může být využita v oblasti medicíny. Nanovlákna jsou tažena metodou dvousložkového elektrostatického zvlákňování za použití koaxiální snovací trysky.Niniejsze opracowanie poświęcone jest produkcji nanowłókien metodą elektroprzędzenia przy wykorzystaniu oliwy z oliwek i polimeru żelatynowego. Oliwa z oliwek jest naturalnym zielonym olejem roślinnym, bogatym w witaminy, karoten oraz wiele pierwiastków śladowych. Oliwa z oliwek ma wiele funkcji w żywieniu i opiece zdrowotnej oraz zawiera wiele esencjalnych kwasów tłuszczowych, w tym witaminy A, D, E, K oraz inne przeciwutleniacze, które mogą się szybko wchłaniać, pomagając w utrzymaniu elastycznej i nawilżonej skóry. Z tego powodu w prowadzonych badaniach skupiliśmy się na produkcji warstwy nanowłóknowej zawierającej oliwę z oliwek, która może być wykorzystana w dziedzinie medycyny. Nanowłókna wytwarzane są metodą dwuskładnikowego elektroprzędzenia przy wykorzystaniu dyszy (igły) koaksjalnej.In this study, production of electrospun nanofibers containing olive oil was carried out using gelatin polymer. Olive oil is a natural green vegetable oil, which is abundant in vitamin, carotene and many trace elements. Olive oil has many functions in nutrition and health care and it is rich in essential fatty acids, including Vitamin A, D, E, K and other antioxidant substances, which can be rapidly absorbed by the body and can maintain skin elasticity and moisture. For this reason, in this study we focused on fabrication of nanofibrous mat containing olive oil that can be used in medical field. Nanofibers spun by bicomponent electrospinnig method using coaxial spinneret. Gelatin polymer was dissolved in distilled water/acetic acid at concentration 10%. Then olive oil was added to solution at a rate of 9:1 wt. Electrospinning from solution was carried out at varying process parameters such as feeding rate and applied voltage and also different mixture of polymer and olive oil. Bicomponent electrospun fibers were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and SEM instrument. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to prove the presence of olive oil in fiber structure.Diese Studie befasst sich mit der Produktion von Nanofasern durch elektrostatische Verspinnung unter Einsatz von Olivenöl mit Hilfe von Gelatinepolymeren. Beim Olivenöl handelt es sich um ein natürliches grünes Pflanzenöl, das reich an Vitaminen, Karotin und vielen Spurenelementen ist. Olivenöl hat viele Funktionen innerhalb der Ernährung und der Gesundheitspflege und ist auch reich an essenziellen Fettsäuren. Darunter befinden sich die Vitamine A, D, E, K und andere Antioxidantien, die vom Körper schnell absorbiert werden können und dazu beitragen, die Haut elastisch und feucht zu halten. Aus diesem Grunde konzentrieren wir uns in dieser Studie auf die Erzeugung einer Nanofaserschicht, die Olivenöl enthält und auch auf medizinischem Gebiet Verwendung finden kann. Nanofasern werden mit der Methode der zweikomponentigen elektriostatischen Verspinnung unter dem Einsatz von koaxialen Schärdrüsen gezogen

Herstellung Vernetzter elektronisch gesponnener Nanofasern aus Gelatine, die Rosmarinöl für antibakterielle Anwendung enthalten

Tato studie se zabývá výrobou nanovláken s antibakteriálními vlastnostmi zaměřenou na získání nanovlákenného produktu na bázi biopolymeru, který se používá pro hojení ran. Za tímto účelem byl použit přírodní rozmarýnový olej, který posiluje antibakteriální aktivitu nanovláken. K výrobě nanovláken byl použit želatinový polymer. Jak potvrzuje studium literatury, rozmarýnový olej má antibakteriální účinky, a je také používán v aromaterapii, lokálně k uklidnění svalů, a díky svým antibakteriálním a antimykotickým vlastnostem má i léčivé účinky. Želatina je přírodní biopolymer a její využití v medicíně je široké – například se používá při ošetřování ran nebo je součástí různých léčiv atd. Proto jsme se zaměřili na kombinaci nanovlákenných látek a rozmarýnu. nepopiratelně blahodárných účinků želatiny s vysoce užitnými vlastnostmi nanovlákenných látek a rozmarýnu.Niniejsze opracowanie poświęcone jest produkcji nanowłókien o działaniu antybakteryjnym, dotyczącej pozyskiwania produktu z nanowłókien na bazie biopolimeru, który stosowany jest do gojenia ran. W tym celu zastosowano naturalny olej rozmarynowy, który wzmacnia antybakteryjne działanie nanowłókien. Do produkcji nanowłókien użyto polimeru żelatynowego. Jak wynika z literatury, olej rozmarynowy ma działanie antybakteryjne i stosowany jest również w aromaterapii, miejscowo do uspokojenia mięśni i dzięki swoim cechom antybakteryjnym i antygrzybiczym ma także działanie lecznicze. Żelatyna to naturalny biopolimer, który jest szeroko stosowany w medycynie – przykładowo używany jest do opatrunku ran lub jako element różnych substancji leczniczych itd. Dlatego skupiliśmy się na połączeniu niepodważalnego korzystnego działania żelatyny i wysoce skutecznych właściwości substancji nanowłóknowych i rozmarynu.In this study, fabrication of nanofibers with antibacterial property was aimed to obtain biopolymer-based nano-fiber product that is used for wound healing. For this aim, natural rosemary oil was used to give antibacterial activity to the nanofibers and gelatin polymer was used to produce nanofibers. According to literature survey, rosemary oil has antibacterial activity and it is also used in aromatherapy, topically to sooth muscles, and medicinally thanks to its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Gelatin is a natural biopolymer and extensively used in medical products such as wound dressings, drug delivery systems etc. Therefore, the combination of inherently beneficial effects of gelatin material with enhanced properties of nanofibers mats and rosemary oil was aimed at. In the study, gelatin nanofibers containing rosemary oil were fabricated by an electrospinning method. Gelatin was dissolved in distilled water/acetic acid at concentration of 10 % at first step. Then, rosemary oil and surfactant (Span 20) was added to solution and stirred for 6 hours. To get a cross-linked nano-fibrous mat, two different cross-linking methods and different cross-linkers were applied. In the first method, glutaraldehyde or tannic acid as a cross-linker was added to polymer solution before electrospinning. In the second method, nanofibers were spun from rosemary oil/gelatin solution and then cross-linked by GA and tannic acid, separately. Morphology and fiber diameter were investigated using SEM. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to identify cross-linked fiber structure and the presence of rosemary oil in electro spun mat. The solubility of cross-linked fiber mat was also investigated.In dieser Studie ging es darum, Nanofasern mit antibakteriellen Eigenschaften zu produzieren. Das Ziel bestand in der Gewinnung von Nanofaserprodukte auf Biopolymerbasis, das zur Wundbehandlung Verwendung findet. Zu diesem Zweck wurde natürliches Rosmarinöl benutzt, um die antibakterielle Aktivität der Nanofasern zu verstärken. Zur Produktion von Nanofasern wurde Gelatinpolymer verwendet. Laut Literatur wirkt Rosmarinöl antibakteriell und wird ebenfalls in der Aromatherapie angewendet, namentlich um die Muskeln zu beruhigen. Außerdem die antibakteriellen und antifungiellen Eigenschaften des Textils heilsame Wirkung. Gelatine ist ein natürliches Polymer und wird hauptsächlich bei der Wundbehandlung usw. verwendet. Daher richtete sich unser Interesse auf die Kombination der inhärent heilsamen Effekte von Gelatinematerial mit den verbesserten Eigenschaften von Nanofasermatten und Rosmarinöl

Development of thermo-regulating fabrics using PCM microcapsules with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) shell and n-alkane core

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to prepare microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) and apply them to cotton and wool fabrics for developing thermo-regulating fabrics. Design/methodology/approach: Microencapsulated n-hexadecane and n-octadecane with poly(methylmethacrylate-co-2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) shell was prepared. Microcapsules were fabricated using oil-in-water emulsion polymerization method. Their chemical structure, microstructure, thermal energy storage properties and thermal stability were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized light microscope, differential scanning calorimeter and thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. The mean particle size was tested by a particle sized instrument. The microcapsules were applied to the wool and cotton fabrics using pad-dry-cure method. The thermo-regulating property of the fabrics was evaluated using the T-History test. The distribution and durability of the microcapsules on the fabrics was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. Findings: Spherical microcapsules with p(MMA-co-HEMA) shell and n-alkane core have been produced successfully. n-hexadecane in microcapsule solidifies at 14.8?15.6°C with the latent heat of 65.6?129.8 J/g and melts at 16.7?16.9°C with the latent heat of 67.6?136.9 J/g. Microencapsulated n-octadecane solidifies at 25.8?26.3°C with the latent heat of 74.1?106.2 J/g and melts at 26.8?27.4°C with the latent heat of 80.3?113.4 J/g. The microcapsules have enough thermal stability to the temperature of 150°C that was applied during the fixation of microcapsules on the fabric. The thermo-regulating effect of the microcapsule-incorporated fabrics has been proved by the T-history test. Originality/value: PCM microcapsules with p(MMA-co-HEMA) shell and n-hexadecane and n-octadecane core have been produced and their usage to produce thermo-regulating textiles have been proved. To determine the thermo-regulating property of the fabrics treated with these new PCM microcapsules, a T-History system has been designed. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.111M484The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support by the Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey (Project No. 111M484)