Ratlarda Siklofosfamid ile İndüklenen Hepatotoksisite Üzerine Kuersetinin Etkileri

Objective: Cyclophosphamide (CYP) causes toxicity in many organs, as liver and lung. Several studies have shown that some antioxidants have protective effects against CYP’ side effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of quercetin-Q on CYP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats using histological and biochemical methods. Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 5 groups. Control group was given corn oil intragastrically for 7 days. CYP group was given intragastric corn oil for 7 days and CYP (200 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally on the 7th day. For 7 days, Q50+CYP and Q100+CYP groups were given quercetin and single dose CYP (200 mg/kg) was administered on the 7th day. Q100 group was given quercetin 100 mg/kg dose per day. On the 8th day, blood samples and liver tissues were taken for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Results: When MDA level was compared with the control group, it was higher in the CYP group and decreased with the administration of quercetin. SOD and GSH levels were lower in the CYP group compared to the other groups. Histological analysis revealed that sinusoidal dilatation and mononuclear cell infiltration were observed in the CYP group, and these degenerative changes were reduced by quercetin administration. In the TUNEL method, a large number of TUNEL positive hepatocytes were detected in the CYP group. Bcl-2 immunopositivities were lower in the CYP group, while Bax and Caspase-3 immunopositivities were higher in the CYP group than other groups. Conclusion: Our results show that quercetin has protective effect on cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity

Protective effects of naringin on lung toxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil in rats

Mevcut çalışmanın amacı; kemoterapötik olarak kullanılan 5-FU’nun akciğerlerde oluşturduğu hasara karşı doğal flavonoidlerden olan naringinin koruyucu etkilerini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada 200-250 g ağırlığında, 30 adet Sprague Dawley cinsi erkek rat kullanıldı. Ratlar rastgele seçilerek Kontrol grubu, 5-FU grubu ve NA+5-FU grubu olarak ayrıldı. 5-Fluorouracilin akciğer dokularında interstisyel fibrozis ve konjesyona, alveoller arası septumda yangısal hücre infiltrasyonuna bağlı kalınlaşma, peribronşiyal lenfoid doku hiperplazisi ile birlikte bronşiyollerde epitelyal hücre dökülmelerine neden olduğu gözlendi. Naringin uygulamasının ise akciğerdeki histopatolojik bulguları hafiflettiği ve normal akciğer doku histolojisine yaklaştırdığı gözlendi. 5-Fluorouracil uygulamasının akciğerlerdeki Bax immünpozitifliğini artırırken, Bcl-2 immünpozitifliğini azalttığı, naringin uygulamasının ise kontrol grubuna benzer şekilde Bax immünpozitifliğini azaltıp, Bcl-2 immünpozitifliğini artırdığı belirlendi. Akciğer dokularında kontrole kıyasla TBARS ve NO düzeylerinin 5-FU uygulaması ile anlamlı şekilde arttığı, GSH düzeyinin ise anlamlı şekilde azaldığı, naringin uygulanan grupta ise bu parametrelerin kontrol grubundaki düzeylere yaklaştığı tespit edildi. Tüm bu bulgular naringin uygulamasının, 5-FU kaynaklı akciğer hasarında faydalı etkiler gösterebileceğini düşündürmektedir.The current study aims to investigate the protective effects of naringin, one of the natural flavonoids, against in the lungs damage caused by 5-FU, which is used chemotherapeutically. Thirty Sprague Dawley male rats weighing 200-250 g were used in the study. The rats were randomly selected and divided into the control group, the 5-FU group and the NA+5-FU group. It was observed that 5-FU caused interstitial fibrosis and congestion in the lung tissues, thickening due to inflammatory cell infiltration in the inter-alveolar septum, peribronchial lymphoid tissue hyperplasia and epithelial cell shedding in the bronchioles. It was observed that naringin application alleviated the histopathological findings in the lung and brought it closer to normal lung tissue histology. It was determined that 5-FU administration increased Bax immunopositivity in the lungs, decreased Bcl-2 immunopositivity, and naringin administration decreased Bax immunopositivity and increased Bcl-2 immunopositivity, similar to the control group. It was found that TBARS and NO levels increased significantly with 5-FU administration, GSH level decreased significantly in the lung tissues compared to the control group, and these parameters approached the levels in the control group in the naringin group. All these findings suggest that naringin administration may have beneficial effects on 5-FU-induced lung injury

Oxidative Stress and Autophagy

Free radical production related with many stress factors including radiation, drugs, ageing and trauma plays a key role in cell death. Notwithstanding, free radicals can cause pathology in a variety of diseases through oxidative stress: Under oxidative stress, excessive production of free radicals can trigger cell death by primarily DNA and all cellular macromolecule damages. Also, excessive free radicals have a role in early inducers of autophagy cell death upon nutrient deprivation. Autophagy is physiologic process of eukaryotic systems, which have significant role in adaptation to oxidative stress by degradation of metalloproteins and oxidatively damaged macromolecules. By oxidizing, membrane injuries allow the leakage of enzymes and contribute to cell damage. However, recent publications demonstrate the protecting role of lysosome system during excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the elimination of damaged proteins or organelles. Activation of autophagic or lysosomal system can eliminate the oxidizing components of cell in oxidative stress response. This chapter aims to provide the novel insight data for oxidative damage-mediated autophagy as well as their metabolic networks

A morphological, morphometrical and histological investigation of the interdigital gland in Hasmer and Hasak sheep

*Özüdoǧru, Zekeriya ( Aksaray, Yazar )Background: The interdigital glands of sheep perform various functions including those pertaining to sexual behaviours. Morphological and histological structure of the gland demonstrates differences among species. The aim of this study is to examine the morphological and histological structure of Hasak and Hasmer sheep's interdigital glands and to determine the differences with other sheep breeds. Materials and methods: For this research, we selected 7 Hasak and 7 Hasmer female sheep. After scarification, the feet were obtained and used for anatomical and histological examinations. For the histological examination, the interdigital gland tissues were stained with Crossman modified triple, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB) staining. Results: The morphometric analysis results, mean values of weight, body length, body diameter, flexura, ductus length, ductus diameter, were observed as 0.80 mm, 14.61 mm, 5.98 mm, 5.62 mm, 26.58 mm, and 3.25 mm, respectively in Hasak and 0.8 mm, 15.46 mm, 6.37 mm, 5.70 mm, 24.52 mm, and 3.52 mm in Hasmer sheep. The histochemical staining revealed that the apocrine secretion of this gland was PAS positive and AB negative. Conclusions: The weight, body length, body diameter, flexura, ductus length and ductus diameter in the forefoot's interdigital glands of both Hasak and Hasmer sheep were higher in a statistically significant manner than those of the hindfeet's glands

The protective effect of rutin and quercetin on 5-FU-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Objective: To investigate the effects of quercetin (Q) and rutin on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: The control group was corn oil. The 5-FU group rats were corn oil and injected intraperitoneal 5-FU 50 mg/kg. Groups rutin 50 + 5-FU and rutin 100 + 5-FU were respectively 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg rutin. These groups were given 5-FU (50 mg/kg) in the 18th day. The group rutin 100 was rutin (100 mg/kg i.g.). Groups Q50 + 5-FU and Q100 + 5-FU were respectively 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg quercetin. These groups were given 5-FU (50 mg/kg) in the 18th day of quercetin application. The group Q100 was quercetin (100 mg/kg i.g.). In the end of experimental applications, blood was collected from anesthetized rats. Results: The MDA level was significantly higher in the 5-FU group compared with control group, and determined to be decreased in other groups. GPx and GSH levels were significantly decreased in the 5-FU group compared to the control, rutin 100 + 5-FU and Q100 + 5-FU groups. AST, ALT, LDH and ALP levels in the serum were significantly increased in the 5-FU group compared with the other groups. The results from this analysis show that while the caspase-3 level increases in the 5-FU group, it decreases in the Q50 + 5-FU, Q100 + 5-FU, rutin 50 + 5-FU and rutin 100 + 5-FU groups. Bcl-2 level decreased in the 5-FU group compared to the control group, but increased in the rutin 100 + 5-FU, Q50 + 5-FU and Q100 + 5-FU groups. Conclusions: In this study it was determined that the rutin and Q have protective effects on 5-FU-induced hepatotoxicity

Effects of photoperiod on thyroid gland development and function in growing chicks: A biochemical and morphometric study

Context: Light treatment has a regulatory role in some growth-related functions, including thyroid development in chicks. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different photoperiod treatments on thyroid organ weight and serum thyroid hormone concentrations of broilers by use of biochemical and histological methods. Methods: After the hatching, 120 broiler chicks (Ross) were divided into two main groups according to sex. Both groups were then split into two sub-groups based on photoperiod treatment: 16 h (i.e. 16 h light:8 h dark) and 24 h (24 h light:0 h dark). Thyroid gland and blood samples of six animals from each group were obtained after slaughtering at 7-day intervals from Day 14 after hatching to Day 42. Serum concentrations of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxin (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by the chemiluminescence method for all groups. Thyroid weight, bodyweight and thyroid follicle diameter were also measured. Key results: Thyroid weight:bodyweight ratio generally started to increase from Day 14 to Day 42, with no significant (P > 0.05) difference among the groups at the same age. For both male and female broiler chicks, morphometric measures increased as birds grew. Serum FT3 and TSH concentrations slightly decreased and serum FT4 concentrations increased in growing chicks of both sexes. Conclusions: Extending the photoperiod from 16 to 24 h had no effects on thyroid gland development or functions in terms of both biochemical and morphometric parameters in broiler chicks. Implications: Continuous light has minimal effects on thyroid functions of growing broiler chicks to Day 42.Context: Light treatment has a regulatory role in some growth-related functions, including thyroid development in chicks. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different photoperiod treatments on thyroid organ weight and serum thyroid hormone concentrations of broilers by use of biochemical and histological methods. Methods: After the hatching, 120 broiler chicks (Ross) were divided into two main groups according to sex. Both groups were then split into two sub-groups based on photoperiod treatment: 16 h (i.e. 16 h light:8 h dark) and 24 h (24 h light:0 h dark). Thyroid gland and blood samples of six animals from each group were obtained after slaughtering at 7-day intervals from Day 14 after hatching to Day 42. Serum concentrations of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxin (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by the chemiluminescence method for all groups. Thyroid weight, bodyweight and thyroid follicle diameter were also measured. Key results: Thyroid weight:bodyweight ratio generally started to increase from Day 14 to Day 42, with no significant (P > 0.05) difference among the groups at the same age. For both male and female broiler chicks, morphometric measures increased as birds grew. Serum FT3 and TSH concentrations slightly decreased and serum FT4 concentrations increased in growing chicks of both sexes. Conclusions: Extending the photoperiod from 16 to 24 h had no effects on thyroid gland development or functions in terms of both biochemical and morphometric parameters in broiler chicks. Implications: Continuous light has minimal effects on thyroid functions of growing broiler chicks to Day 42