10 research outputs found

    The Politics of Liberal Rights in Africa : Regulating and legislating freedom of association, expression, and information

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    Hvordan utspiller kampen om liberale rettigheter seg i Afrikas flerpartidemokratier? Dette spĂžrsmĂ„let er i sentrum for denne avhandlingen. Selv om afrikanske demokratier i stor grad har omfavnet den valgdemokratiske tradisjonen, er demokratisk styringspraksis knyttet til de liberale komponentene av demokrati, ansvarlighet (accountability) og sivile friheter - herunder liberale rettigheter som organisasjons-, ytrings- og informasjonsrettigheter - fortsatt omstridt. Under det ytre inntrykket av at demokratisering har stoppet opp, vil denne avhandlingen vise at det er svĂŠrt dynamiske og interaktive prosesser mellom aktĂžrer som tar til orde for liberale rettigheters plass og utvidelse i et demokrati og de som utfordrer dem. Med fokus pĂ„ interaksjoner mellom eliteaktĂžrer, spesielt mellom rettighetsforkjempere som representerer det sivile samfunn pĂ„ den ene siden og politikere pĂ„ den andre siden, fokuserer denne avhandlingen pĂ„ den omstridte politikken med Ă„ regulere og lovfeste organisasjons-, ytrings- og informasjonsfriheter. Artiklene i avhandlingen spĂžr hva som forklarer strategier for politisk undertrykkelse av liberale rettigheter, hva som forklarer strategier for rettighetsforkjempere, og hva som er konsekvensene av undertrykkelse av liberale rettigheter? Denne avhandlingen bygger pĂ„ og bidrar til litteraturene om demokratisk tilbakegang og undertrykkelse av sivilsamfunnet. PĂ„ den ene siden er demokratisk tilbakegang-litteraturen nyttig for sitt fokus pĂ„ politiske lederes handlinger og strategier. Men mens eksisterende studier om demokratisk tilbakegang i Ăžkende grad fokuserer pĂ„ elitedynamikk, har fokuset fĂžrst og fremst vĂŠrt pĂ„ andre politiske aktĂžrer, som opposisjon og domstoler, og ikke pĂ„ medlemmer av sivilsamfunnet. PĂ„ den annen side, mens litteraturen om sivilsamfunnet sier mer om forholdet til politikere, fremstiller den sjelden medlemmer av sivilsamfunnet som eliteaktĂžrer med mulighet til Ă„ forme denne relasjonen. Mens mye vitenskapelig oppmerksomhet har blitt gitt til politiske eliter, har eliter i sivilsamfunnet fĂ„tt mindre oppmerksomhet. Avhandlingen bidrar til teoriutvikling pĂ„ to vesentlige mĂ„ter. For det fĂžrste inkluderer den et eliteperspektiv av sivilsamfunnsaktĂžrer, og for det andre nyanserer den litteraturen om demokratisk tilbakegang ved Ă„ understreke de iterative relasjonene mellom politiske eliter og sivilsamfunnsaktĂžrer. Dette doktorgradsarbeidet bestĂ„r av en samling artikler, som alle fokuserer pĂ„ prosesser for Ă„ regulere og lovfeste liberale rettigheter i Afrika sĂžr for Sahara. Alle artiklene er opptatt av strategier til myndigheter og sivilsamfunnsaktĂžrer, enten den enes eller begges. To av artiklene ser spesielt pĂ„ dynamikk og samspill mellom politiske og sosiale eliter i sivilsamfunnet i prosessen med pĂ„virke og utforme en offentlighetslov, Right to Information Act (2019), i Ghana. Teoretisk, metodisk og empirisk stĂ„r alle artikler for seg selv. I ulik grad kombinerer de fem artiklene kvantitative sĂ„ vel som kvalitative data og metoder, og mens noen av dem er klassiske enkeltcasestudier har andre et tverrnasjonalt perspektiv. De to fĂžrste artiklene handler om politiske strategier for Ă„ undertrykke liberale rettigheter. Mens artikkel 1 (How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech, skrevet med Lisa Garbe og Pauline Lemaire) identifiserer staters strategier for Ă„ regulere nettbasert informasjon i Afrika og evaluerer hvilke regimekarakteristikker som former valget av strategi, undersĂžker artikkel 2 (Intended or Inverted Democratic Laws?) videre strategier i hvordan lovgivere skriver og utformer offentlighetslover, sĂ„kalte 'rett til innsyn og informasjon'-lover. De to neste artiklene handler om pĂ„virkningsstrategier for Ă„ fremme retten til innsyn og informasjon ved offentlighetslover i et afrikansk demokrati, Ghana. Artikkel 3 (Rights Advocacy in Ghana) identifiserer utfordringer som rettighetsforkjempere mĂžter selv i en relativt Ă„pen og ubegrenset politisk kontekst og undersĂžker de strategiske interaksjonene mellom forkjempere og politikere. Artikkel 4 (A Platform or Partner) fokuserer pĂ„ sivilsamfunnsaktĂžrers strategier og deres interaksjon med medieaktĂžrer og identifiserer mekanismer for hvordan de kan engasjere medieaktĂžrer som partnere i pĂ„virkningsarbeidet. Til slutt, artikkel 5 (Government Repression and Citizen Support for Democratic Rights in Africa, skrevet med Kendra Dupuy) ser pĂ„ konsekvensene av politisk undertrykkelse av liberale rettigheter, og undersĂžker forholdet mellom undertrykkelse av sivilsamfunns- og medieaktĂžrer og folkets stĂžtte for statlig kontroll av organisasjons- og mediafrihet. Samlet gir disse artiklene et komparativt perspektiv pĂ„ politikken som utspiller seg rundt liberale rettigheter i afrikanske demokratier, bĂ„de med hensyn til politisk motstand mot liberale rettigheter og rettighetsforkjempere og med hensyn til de utfordringer rettighetsforkjempere stĂ„r overfor og hvordan de legger strategier for Ă„ omgĂ„ og overkomme disse. Avhandlingen fremhever betydningen av Ă„ forstĂ„ strategier. Den argumenterer for at studiet av politikk rundt liberale rettigheter bĂžr fokusere pĂ„ aktĂžrer og agens, bĂžr i stĂžrre grad anerkjenne diffusjons- og lĂŠringsmekanismer, og bĂžr sĂžke Ă„ bedre forstĂ„ narrativene og begrunnelsen for politisk motstand og tilbakeslag mot liberale rettigheter.How does the contestation for liberal rights play out in Africa’s multiparty democracies? This question forms the centre of inquiry in this thesis. Though African democracies to a large extent have embraced the electoral democratic tradition, democratic governance practices linked to the liberal components of democracy, accountability and civil liberties - hereunder liberal rights such as association, expression, and information rights - are still contested. Underlying the outward appearance of stalled democratic progress, this thesis will show that contention is playing out as a highly dynamic interaction in African democracies between those advocating for liberal rights on the one hand, and those challenging them on the other. Focusing on elite-level interactions, notably between right advocates representing civil society on the one hand and politicians on the other hand, this thesis focuses on the contentious politics of regulating and legislating freedoms of association, expression, and information. The articles in the dissertation ask what explains strategies of government repression of liberal rights, what explains strategies of liberal rights advocacy, and what are the consequences of repression of and pushback against liberal rights? This dissertation builds on and contributes to the literatures on democratic backsliding and civil society clampdown. On the one hand, the backsliding literature is useful for its focus on actions and strategies of political leaders. However, while existing studies on democratic backsliding increasingly focus on elite dynamics, the focus has primarily been on other political actors, such as opposition and courts, and not on members of civil society. On the other hand, while the civil society clampdown literature says more about the relationship with politicians, it rarely portrays civil society advocates as elite actors with an agency to shape this relation. While much scholarly attention has been afforded to political elites, elites within civil society have received less attention. The dissertation contributes to theory development in two significant ways. First, it includes an elite perspective of civil society actors and, second, it nuances the scholarship on democratic backsliding by emphasising the iterative relations between political elites and civil society actors. This compilation PhD dissertation is composed of five independent articles, all focusing on processes of regulating and legislating liberal rights in Sub-Saharan Africa. All articles are concerned with the strategies of government and civil society actors, either one or both. Two of the articles in particular study the dynamics and interactions between political and societal elites in the case of drafting and advocating for the Right to Information Act (2019) in Ghana. Theoretically, methodically, and empirically, all articles stand on their own. To varying degrees, the five articles combine quantitative as well as qualitative data and methods and while some of them are classical single-case studies, others take a cross-national perspective. The two first articles speak to government strategies of repressing liberal rights. While Article 1 (How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech, co-authored with Lisa Garbe and Pauline Lemaire) identifies government strategies to regulate online information in Africa and evaluates which regime characteristics shape the choice of strategy, Article 2 (Intended or Inverted Democratic Laws?) further examines legislative strategies in how lawmakers are writing and designing African right to information (RTI) laws. The two next articles speak to advocacy strategies in promoting the right to information in an African democracy, Ghana. Article 3 (Rights Advocacy in Ghana) identifies the challenges that rights advocates face even in a relatively open and unconstrained political context and examines the strategic interactions between advocates and politicians. Article 4 (A Platform or Partner) focuses on advocates’ strategies and their interaction with media actors and identifies the mechanisms of how advocates engage media actors as partners in advocacy work. Finally, Article 5 (Government Repression and Citizen Support for Democratic Rights in Africa, co-authored with Kendra Dupuy) speaks to the consequences of government repression of liberal rights, examining the relationship between government repression of civil society and media actors and citizen support for government control over freedoms of association and the media. In sum, this compilation dissertation offers a comparative perspective on the politics of liberal rights in African democracies, both with regards to the political pushback against liberal rights and rights advocacy and with regards to the challenges faced by rights advocates and how they strategize to circumvent these. It highlights the significance of understanding strategies and argues that the continued study of the ‘politics of liberal rights’ should focus on actors and agency, should to a greater extent recognise diffusion and learning mechanisms, and should seek to better understand the narratives and justification for political pushback against liberal rights.Doktorgradsavhandlin

    How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech

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    While scholars have already identified and discussed some of the most urgent problems in content moderation in the Global North, fewer scholars have paid attention to content regulation in the Global South, and notably Africa. In the absence of content moderation by Western tech giants themselves, African countries appear to have shifted their focus towards state-centric approaches to regulating content. We argue that those approaches are largely informed by a regime's motivation to repress media freedom as well as institutional constraints on the executive. We use structural topic modelling on a corpus of news articles worldwide (N = 7'787) mentioning hate speech and fake news in 47 African countries to estimate the salience of discussions of legal and technological approaches to content regulation. We find that, in particular, discussions of technological strategies are more salient in regimes with little respect for media freedom and fewer legislative constraints. Overall, our findings suggest that the state is the dominant actor in shaping content regulation across African countries and point to the need for a better understanding of how regime-specific characteristics shape regulatory decisions

    How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech

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    There has been little research into the regulation targeting fake news and hate speech in Africa, and the role state institutions play in shaping them. With tech giants relatively inactive in moderating local content on their platforms, governments are using a mix of technological and legal content regulation

    How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech

    Get PDF
    While scholars have already identified and discussed some of the most urgent problems in content moderation in the Global North, fewer scholars have paid attention to content regulation in the Global South, and notably Africa. In the absence of content moderation by Western tech giants themselves, African countries appear to have shifted their focus towards state-centric approaches to regulating content. We argue that those approaches are largely informed by a regime’s motivation to repress media freedom as well as institutional constraints on the executive. We use structural topic modelling on a corpus of news articles worldwide (N = 7â€Č787) mentioning hate speech and fake news in 47 African countries to estimate the salience of discussions of legal and technological approaches to content regulation. We find that, in particular, discussions of technological strategies are more salient in regimes with little respect for media freedom and fewer legislative constraints. Overall, our findings suggest that the state is the dominant actor in shaping content regulation across African countries and point to the need for a better understanding of how regime-specific characteristics shape regulatory decisions.publishedVersio

    A Platform or Partner: Engaging the Media in Advocacy

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    What are the roles of media actors in relation to civil society actors in advocacy campaigns, and what factors shape these roles? Interested in media strategies of civil society actors, the paper examines the advocacy for a ‘right to information’ law in Ghana. While journalists are obvious partners in pushing for the right to information, the civil society-led advocacy encountered a passive media. Focused on mechanisms of engaging media actors as advocates in civil society-led advocacy, this study relies on interviews with key actors in the advocacy campaign and textual analysis of news coverage, spanning 2010–2019. The paper posits that mainly two factors contributed to the media taking a more active role in the campaign; the Civil Society Organisations changed their approach and how they communicated and related to media actors, and media actors developed more awareness and understanding of the advocacy issue. Two important main mechanisms are uncovered in this study. First, it matters how civil society actors perceive of media actors in their media strategy, and how this in turn is received by media actors. Second, when CSOs seek to engage media as partners, it is necessary to also give room for their ownership and advocacy as independent partners

    A Platform or Partner: Engaging the Media in Advocacy

    No full text
    What are the roles of media actors in relation to civil society actors in advocacy campaigns, and what factors shape these roles? Interested in media strategies of civil society actors, the paper examines the advocacy for a ‘right to information’ law in Ghana. While journalists are obvious partners in pushing for the right to information, the civil society-led advocacy encountered a passive media. Focused on mechanisms of engaging media actors as advocates in civil society-led advocacy, this study relies on interviews with key actors in the advocacy campaign and textual analysis of news coverage, spanning 2010–2019. The paper posits that mainly two factors contributed to the media taking a more active role in the campaign; the Civil Society Organisations changed their approach and how they communicated and related to media actors, and media actors developed more awareness and understanding of the advocacy issue. Two important main mechanisms are uncovered in this study. First, it matters how civil society actors perceive of media actors in their media strategy, and how this in turn is received by media actors. Second, when CSOs seek to engage media as partners, it is necessary to also give room for their ownership and advocacy as independent partners.publishedVersio

    Constitution-making in Tunisia - an analysis of contentious constitutional issues in the process of drafting the 2014-constitution

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    Tunisia opted to write a new constitution, after the fall of the Ben Ali regime in January 2011. The process took over two years, but the adoption of the 2014-constitution has been regarded as pivotal for the country’s successful transition toward a more democratic political regime. However, though many consider the process as largely peaceful, and as a great success in relation to other MENA countries’ trajectories after the so-called ‘Arab spring’, the Tunisian experience of constitution-making deserves further scrutiny. The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to the Quartet have further strengthen this view. This study of the constitution-making process wants to contribute to a focus on the actual constitution-makers, namely the elected politicians in the National Constituent Assembly. The aim of this study is, therefore, to develop new knowledge about the constitution-making process, and provide a new possible perspective on the political transition. This study applies constitutional theory in approaching the constitution-making process in Tunisia, and a theoretical framework is constructed within the strategic-realist approach, combining a contractarian and coordination perspective on the situation constitution-makers face. Several expectations derived from the theoretical framework guide the analysis of five articles regarded as particularly contentious in the constitution-making process. By analysing these five contentious issues, several interesting aspect of the political context is uncovered. For one, this study finds that issues concerning values and rights seemingly were treated in the same way as those concerning structural provisions. Further, this study also finds that values and rights were to some extent used in a strategic way, in order to enhance political positions or clout. Further, it is argued that these findings, to a limited extent, can shed light on some aspects of the Tunisian political landscape in the time of constitution-making

    The Politics of Liberal Rights in Africa : Regulating and legislating freedom of association, expression, and information

    No full text
    Hvordan utspiller kampen om liberale rettigheter seg i Afrikas flerpartidemokratier? Dette spÞrsmÄlet er i sentrum for denne avhandlingen. Selv om afrikanske demokratier i stor grad har omfavnet den valgdemokratiske tradisjonen, er demokratisk styringspraksis knyttet til de liberale komponentene av demokrati, ansvarlighet (accountability) og sivile friheter - herunder liberale rettigheter som organisasjons-, ytrings- og informasjonsrettigheter - fortsatt omstridt. Under det ytre inntrykket av at demokratisering har stoppet opp, vil denne avhandlingen vise at det er svÊrt dynamiske og interaktive prosesser mellom aktÞrer som tar til orde for liberale rettigheters plass og utvidelse i et demokrati og de som utfordrer dem. Med fokus pÄ interaksjoner mellom eliteaktÞrer, spesielt mellom rettighetsforkjempere som representerer det sivile samfunn pÄ den ene siden og politikere pÄ den andre siden, fokuserer denne avhandlingen pÄ den omstridte politikken med Ä regulere og lovfeste organisasjons-, ytrings- og informasjonsfriheter. Artiklene i avhandlingen spÞr hva som forklarer strategier for politisk undertrykkelse av liberale rettigheter, hva som forklarer strategier for rettighetsforkjempere, og hva som er konsekvensene av undertrykkelse av liberale rettigheter? Denne avhandlingen bygger pÄ og bidrar til litteraturene om demokratisk tilbakegang og undertrykkelse av sivilsamfunnet. PÄ den ene siden er demokratisk tilbakegang-litteraturen nyttig for sitt fokus pÄ politiske lederes handlinger og strategier. Men mens eksisterende studier om demokratisk tilbakegang i Þkende grad fokuserer pÄ elitedynamikk, har fokuset fÞrst og fremst vÊrt pÄ andre politiske aktÞrer, som opposisjon og domstoler, og ikke pÄ medlemmer av sivilsamfunnet. PÄ den annen side, mens litteraturen om sivilsamfunnet sier mer om forholdet til politikere, fremstiller den sjelden medlemmer av sivilsamfunnet som eliteaktÞrer med mulighet til Ä forme denne relasjonen. Mens mye vitenskapelig oppmerksomhet har blitt gitt til politiske eliter, har eliter i sivilsamfunnet fÄtt mindre oppmerksomhet. Avhandlingen bidrar til teoriutvikling pÄ to vesentlige mÄter. For det fÞrste inkluderer den et eliteperspektiv av sivilsamfunnsaktÞrer, og for det andre nyanserer den litteraturen om demokratisk tilbakegang ved Ä understreke de iterative relasjonene mellom politiske eliter og sivilsamfunnsaktÞrer. Dette doktorgradsarbeidet bestÄr av en samling artikler, som alle fokuserer pÄ prosesser for Ä regulere og lovfeste liberale rettigheter i Afrika sÞr for Sahara. Alle artiklene er opptatt av strategier til myndigheter og sivilsamfunnsaktÞrer, enten den enes eller begges. To av artiklene ser spesielt pÄ dynamikk og samspill mellom politiske og sosiale eliter i sivilsamfunnet i prosessen med pÄvirke og utforme en offentlighetslov, Right to Information Act (2019), i Ghana. Teoretisk, metodisk og empirisk stÄr alle artikler for seg selv. I ulik grad kombinerer de fem artiklene kvantitative sÄ vel som kvalitative data og metoder, og mens noen av dem er klassiske enkeltcasestudier har andre et tverrnasjonalt perspektiv. De to fÞrste artiklene handler om politiske strategier for Ä undertrykke liberale rettigheter. Mens artikkel 1 (How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech, skrevet med Lisa Garbe og Pauline Lemaire) identifiserer staters strategier for Ä regulere nettbasert informasjon i Afrika og evaluerer hvilke regimekarakteristikker som former valget av strategi, undersÞker artikkel 2 (Intended or Inverted Democratic Laws?) videre strategier i hvordan lovgivere skriver og utformer offentlighetslover, sÄkalte 'rett til innsyn og informasjon'-lover. De to neste artiklene handler om pÄvirkningsstrategier for Ä fremme retten til innsyn og informasjon ved offentlighetslover i et afrikansk demokrati, Ghana. Artikkel 3 (Rights Advocacy in Ghana) identifiserer utfordringer som rettighetsforkjempere mÞter selv i en relativt Äpen og ubegrenset politisk kontekst og undersÞker de strategiske interaksjonene mellom forkjempere og politikere. Artikkel 4 (A Platform or Partner) fokuserer pÄ sivilsamfunnsaktÞrers strategier og deres interaksjon med medieaktÞrer og identifiserer mekanismer for hvordan de kan engasjere medieaktÞrer som partnere i pÄvirkningsarbeidet. Til slutt, artikkel 5 (Government Repression and Citizen Support for Democratic Rights in Africa, skrevet med Kendra Dupuy) ser pÄ konsekvensene av politisk undertrykkelse av liberale rettigheter, og undersÞker forholdet mellom undertrykkelse av sivilsamfunns- og medieaktÞrer og folkets stÞtte for statlig kontroll av organisasjons- og mediafrihet. Samlet gir disse artiklene et komparativt perspektiv pÄ politikken som utspiller seg rundt liberale rettigheter i afrikanske demokratier, bÄde med hensyn til politisk motstand mot liberale rettigheter og rettighetsforkjempere og med hensyn til de utfordringer rettighetsforkjempere stÄr overfor og hvordan de legger strategier for Ä omgÄ og overkomme disse. Avhandlingen fremhever betydningen av Ä forstÄ strategier. Den argumenterer for at studiet av politikk rundt liberale rettigheter bÞr fokusere pÄ aktÞrer og agens, bÞr i stÞrre grad anerkjenne diffusjons- og lÊringsmekanismer, og bÞr sÞke Ä bedre forstÄ narrativene og begrunnelsen for politisk motstand og tilbakeslag mot liberale rettigheter

    How African countries respond to fake news and hate speech

    No full text
    While scholars have already identified and discussed some of the most urgent problems in content moderation in the Global North, fewer scholars have paid attention to content regulation in the Global South, and notably Africa. In the absence of content moderation by Western tech giants themselves, African countries appear to have shifted their focus towards state-centric approaches to regulating content. We argue that those approaches are largely informed by a regime’s motivation to repress media freedom as well as institutional constraints on the executive. We use structural topic modelling on a corpus of news articles worldwide (N = 7â€Č787) mentioning hate speech and fake news in 47 African countries to estimate the salience of discussions of legal and technological approaches to content regulation. We find that, in particular, discussions of technological strategies are more salient in regimes with little respect for media freedom and fewer legislative constraints. Overall, our findings suggest that the state is the dominant actor in shaping content regulation across African countries and point to the need for a better understanding of how regime-specific characteristics shape regulatory decisions
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