Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers on the nutrient concentration in leaves at different growth stages of banana cv Poovan.

Banana (Musa spp) and plantain are known for their antiquity and are interwoven with Indian heritage and culture and it  is one of the most important fruits grown  and consumed worldwide.   A field experiment was laid out in randamised block design  with ten treatments and three replications consisting recommend dose of fertilizers (RDF)  and RDF combined  with   organic   manures( Farm yard manure, Vermicompost and  Neem cake) and bioferlizers (VAM, azospirillum, PSB,  T. harizianum) at different combinations  to know their nutrient concentration  in banana leaves and soil at different growth periods viz., vegetative stage, flowering stage and harvesting stage. Sample preparation was performed with closed vassal microwave digestion. The major and micronutrients were analysed using the ICP-OES (Optima 2000). E-Merck multi-elemental standard used as a reference standard and ultra pure 2% HNO3 was applied as an internal standard.  T8  treatment(50 per cent  RDF through inorganic fertilizers  ,organic manures with bio ferlizers) recorded significantly highest leaf  nitrogen and potassium  (3.24  amd 0.44%) during vegetative stage, flowering (3.58%) and  harvesting stages(2.68 %) than untreated plants  T1(2.02,2.12 and 1.51%). Highest  Leaf phosphorus (0.42,0.43 and 0.38 %), sodium(0.40, 0.44 and 0.32)  magnesium(1.61.1.81, and 0.81 %). Significantly lowest concentration was found in untreated plants. The highest micro nutrients were noted in T8 followed by   T10 treatment in all the stages

Delay Tolerance in Wireless Networks through Optimal Path Routing Algorithm

AbstractA Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a mesh network designed to operate effectively over great distances. DTNs have not custom to vindicate complete track from source to destination most of the time during communication. Existing data routing approaches used in DTNs were based on multi-copy routing. However, these existing methods incur overhead due to exorbitant transmissions and increases seer side processing. Hence there is a necessity to propose an optimal path routing algorithm to overcome the above issues. The optimal path routing reduces the proposition of message dropping and wax the throughput. The design approximate also uses random path generation that can reveal the path that affirms active connection for a longer duration to achieve a desired routing delay. In addition, this system has an effective buffer management mechanism to increase throughput and decrease routing delay. The analysis and as well as the simulation results clearly shows that the optimal path routing algorithm, provides high throughput and low routing delay compared to existing routing approaches

Investigation of bending and compression properties on PLA-brass composite using FDM

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is often favored over conventional techniques as it can produce highly accurate three-dimensional models with minimal material waste. Nevertheless, in FDM, the mechanical properties of different materials used in the FDM process are of ongoing interest. Since the properties of brass alloys in the FDM process are still lacking, the present study focuses on the bending and compression properties of the FDM printed part with 15Â wt and 70Â wt of brass-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) and various infill patterns. The specimen preparation and testing were carried out accordingly to ASTM D790 and ASTM D695, respectively. The impact of five different infill patterns and two different compositions on the bending and compression properties was also analyzed using response surface methodology. A prediction model is then developed to predict the desired bending and compression properties. Results show that the 15Â wt of brass composition specimens have better properties compared with the 70Â wt of brass composition. This is due to an increase in the wt of brass composition, which resulted in lower interlayer adhesion energy with the PLA. It was also found that the concentric and grid pattern are the best printing pattern for bending and compression properties, respectively

Optimizing Medium Components to Enhance High Cell Mass Production of Biotherapeutic Strain Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016T by Statistical Method

798-803Probiotics referred to a group of living microorganisms which highly influence the human health. A number of studies have highlighted on the bio-therapeutic potential of Lactobacillus reuteri strains, especially in treating eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Therefore, in present investigation, statistical methods were applied to optimize medium composition for high cell mass production of L. reuteri strain DSM 20016T. Most influencing medium components were screened by using Plackett-Burman and optimized using Box-Bhenken experimental design. The concentration of lactose, yeast extract and phosphate in cultivation medium has shown significant effect on the cell mass production. The highest cell mass obtained after 48h incubation was 3.96 ± 0.02 gL−1 in RSM-optimized medium compared to 1.76 ± 0.17 gL−1 in un-optimized medium

An Antagomir to MicroRNA Let7f Promotes Neuroprotection in an Ischemic Stroke Model

We previously showed that middle-aged female rats sustain a larger infarct following experimental stroke as compared to younger female rats, and paradoxically, estrogen treatment to the older group is neurotoxic. Plasma and brain insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels decrease with age. However, IGF-1 infusion following stroke, prevents estrogen neurotoxicity in middle-aged female rats. IGF1 is neuroprotective and well tolerated, but also has potentially undesirable side effects. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) that target the IGF-1 signaling family for translation repression could be alternatively suppressed to promote IGF-1-like neuroprotection. Here, we report that two conserved IGF pathway regulatory microRNAs, Let7f and miR1, can be inhibited to mimic and even extend the neuroprotection afforded by IGF-1. Anti-mir1 treatment, as late as 4 hours following ischemia, significantly reduced cortical infarct volume in adult female rats, while anti-Let7 robustly reduced both cortical and striatal infarcts, and preserved sensorimotor function and interhemispheric neural integration. No neuroprotection was observed in animals treated with a brain specific miRNA unrelated to IGF-1 (anti-miR124). Remarkably, anti-Let7f was only effective in intact females but not males or ovariectomized females indicating that the gonadal steroid environment critically modifies miRNA action. Let7f is preferentially expressed in microglia in the ischemic hemisphere and confirmed in ex vivo cultures of microglia obtained from the cortex. While IGF-1 was undetectable in microglia harvested from the non-ischemic hemisphere, IGF-1 was expressed by microglia obtained from the ischemic cortex and was further elevated by anti-Let7f treatment. Collectively these data support a novel miRNA-based therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection following stroke

A Dominant Negative ERβ Splice Variant Determines the Effectiveness of Early or Late Estrogen Therapy after Ovariectomy in Rats

The molecular mechanisms for the discrepancy in outcome of initiating estrogen therapy (ET) around peri-menopause or several years after menopause in women are unknown. We hypothesize that the level of expression of a dominant negative estrogen receptor (ER) β variant, ERβ2, may be a key factor determining the effectiveness of ET in post-menopausal women. We tested this hypothesis in ovariectomized nine month-old (an age when irregular estrous cycles occur) female Sprague Dawley rats. Estradiol treatment was initiated either 6 days (Early ET, analogous to 4 months post-menopause in humans), or 180 days (Late ET, analogous to 11 years post-menopause in humans) after ovariectomy. Although ERβ2 expression increased in all OVX rats, neurogenic and neuroprotective responses to estradiol differed in Early and Late ET. Early ET reduced ERβ2 expression in both hippocampus and white blood cells, increased the hippocampal cell proliferation as assessed by Ki-67 expression, and improved mobility in the forced swim test. Late ET resulted in either no or modest effects on these parameters. There was a close correlation between the degree of ERβ2 expression and the preservation of neural effects by ET after OVX in rats, supporting the hypothesis that persistent elevated levels of ERβ2 are a molecular basis for the diminished effectiveness of ET in late post-menopausal women. The correlation between the expression of ERβ2 in circulating white blood cells and brain cells suggests that ERβ2 expression in peripheral blood cells may be an easily accessible marker to predict the effective window for ET in the brain