Cultural Genetics in Ettutthokai (Eight Anthologies)

The term "Culture" was coined at a later stage. This terminology is found in the Sangam literature in terms such as attributive, worthy men, ill-mannered, etc. It was in Tamil Nadu that the Tamil people, the primitive people, originated. It is the unanimous decision of historians that the human race originated. It was the Tamils who emerged in the early times and attained the maturity of civilization and the knowledge of life that led them to become the greatest in culture. Therefore, it can be realised that the Tamil race was the race that brought civilization and culture to the world and trained them. There are certain unique features and characteristics of such a Tamil race. Tolkappiyam and Sangam's works of literature are considered to be the oldest books available to us today. It is divided into internal and external parts. Also, it can be seen that the concept of cultural genetics refers to the lifestyles of people. Culture can be defined as the absorption of traditional customs and rituals of the people. Through its poetry, the Etthutthokai has captured the cultures of the ancient peoples. Following a good culture, it becomes an ideal platform for people to achieve higher goals in their lives. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the modern cultural genealogy of the ancient peoples is aligned with today's texts and the current status of cultural traditions by befitting the culture of ancient people

The Role of Music in the Saiva and Christian Religious Communities

Music is the art of organizing sounds at the right time through melody, harmony, rhythm, and characteristics of the specific sound of instruments. If this is to be understood by ordinary people in general, the sound in the ears is a force that penetrates the heart through our pulses and veins and causes the subconscious mind to meditate. How has such music been used in devotion, how has it been used, how is it used, and what are the changes that have taken place due to them, even though it can be seen in many dimensions? What is the role of music in all non-religious communities? In particular, this article will be a study of the role of music in the Saiva and Christian communities and the benefits of the community

Saiva Kuravargal’s Love and Morality

The Devotion movement grew up with religious work and helping individual people. That is, the Devotion movement developed on the basis that charity should be given to the people living in the society as well as to the temples of God. In Saiva Samaya, by accepting morals in the name of God, not only towards human beings but also towards all living beings, with the morals of godliness and charity, the devotees, priests, and Sivadians who dedicated themselves to Lord Shiva drummed the sacrifice of Saiva Samaya. According to this, the most important and foremost people in Saivism, Tirunanasambandar, Tirunavukarasar, and Sundarar are called Devaras, and Manikkavasakara along with them are called Saivakuravas four. In this way, this article aims to know the love and morals of the Saiva Samaya and their religion and the above-mentioned humanitarian deeds special, their devotion to God, and their charitable deeds for the people. And the scriptures recited by Shivanatiyars who were possessed by the Lord came to be known as Tirumuraikal. The works of the four religious’ people among them, the number of their rituals and songs (pathikams), and the four Saiva religious people who were possessed by the Lord, the charity that they did to remove the suffering of the people with the grace of God and the charity that they did with love to praise the grace of the Lord are made to be seen in this sermon as the morality and love

SERVICE LIFE PREDICTION FOR CONCRETE COMPOSITE WITH CARBON FIBRES FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENT

As construction technologies are improved and as we go for advanced technologies in construction of infrastructure facilities the importance of concrete technology is also more demanding. The field of concrete technology has many new admixtures which improves the properties of concrete. Durability and performance of structures are the main focus now. In view of this, apart from just proportioning a concrete mix, researchers are now interested in testing the performance of the material in varied environmental conditions. Service life prediction is the evaluation of the performance of the structure over a period of time. The prediction involves knowledge of materials science, laboratory testing and data from structures that are in service. It is a complex area where interpretation of correct data has been used and it involves systematic approaches. Researchers have used numerous methodologies and mathematical formulae that are used for the service life prediction. Accelerated laboratory tests forms the basis for these kinds of predictions. This paper deals with proportioning of concrete composite that can be used in aggressive marine environment, subject to severe exposure and the service life prediction of the material in such environment. Admixtures play a major role in making concrete durable. This paper discusses the properties of concrete composite that has been customized with silica fume, fly ash and copper slag for improving the strength of concrete. Carbon fibres have been added to resist the impact of sea waves and also to improve the flexural toughness of concrete. As there are various factors that have been considered in proportioning this particular concrete mix, experimental trials have been designed with reference to central composite design of Response Surface methodology using Design Expert software. The trials were cast using these design mixes and tests were conducted for strength properties and durability parameters. The experimental results have been analyzed for ANOVA to test the accuracy of results. Multiple optimizations have been done to get the best mix with maximum strength and minimum durability issues

Optical and anti-oxidant application of zinc doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticle

9-17Present work explains about optical and oxidant activity of zinc doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticle. Compare with undoped cadmium sulfide, zinc doped nanoparticles have different results in IR, SEM, TEM and XRD. EDAX image shows the crystalline arrangement of nanoparticles. Anti-oxidant activity describes using DHHP’s radical scavenging method and optical relation determine by Tauc’s equation

Deep Learning based Densenet Convolution Neural Network for Community Detection in Online Social Networks

Online Social Networks (OSNs) have become increasingly popular, with hundreds of millions of users in recent years. A community in a social network is a virtual group with shared interests and activities that they want to communicate. OSN and the growing number of users have also increased the need for communities. Community structure is an important topological property of OSN and plays an essential role in various dynamic processes, including the diffusion of information within the network. All networks have a community format, and one of the most continually addressed research issues is the finding of communities. However, traditional techniques didn't do a better community of discovering user interests. As a result, these methods cannot detect active communities.  To tackle this issues, in this paper presents Densenet Convolution Neural Network (DnetCNN) approach for community detection. Initially, we gather dataset from Kaggle repository. Then preprocessing the dataset to remove inconsistent and missing values. In addition to User Behavior Impact Rate (UBIR) technique to identify the user URL access, key term and page access. After that, Web Crawling Prone Factor Rate (WCPFR) technique is used find the malicious activity random forest and decision method. Furthermore, Spider Web Cluster Community based Feature Selection (SWC2FS) algorithm is used to choose finest attributes in the dataset. Based on the attributes, to find the community group using Densenet Convolution Neural Network (DnetCNN) approach. Thus, the experimental result produce better performance than other methods

Gunn Effect in Silicon Nanowires: Charge Transport under High Electric Field

Gunn (or Gunn-Hilsum) Effect and its associated negative differential resistivity (NDR) emanates from transfer of electrons between two different energy bands in a semiconductor. If applying a voltage (electric field) transfers electrons from an energy sub band of a low effective mass to a second one with higher effective mass, then the current drops. This manifests itself as a negative slope or NDR in the I-V characteristics of the device which is in essence due to the reduction of electron mobility. Recalling that mobility is inversely proportional to electron effective mass or curvature of the energy sub band. This effect was observed in semiconductors like GaAs which has direct bandgap of very low effective mass and its second indirect sub band is about 300 meV above the former. More importantly a self-repeating oscillation of spatially accumulated charge carriers along the transport direction occurs which is the artifact of NDR, a process which is called Gunn oscillation and was observed by J. B. Gunn. In sharp contrast to GaAs, bulk silicon has a very high energy spacing (~1 eV) which renders the initiation of transfer-induced NDR unobservable. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT), semi-empirical 10 orbital ($sp^{3}d^{5}s^{*}$) Tight Binding (TB) method and Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulations we show for the first time that (a) Gunn Effect can be induced in narrow silicon nanowires with diameters of 3.1 nm under 3 % tensile strain and an electric field of 5000 V/cm, (b) the onset of NDR in I-V characteristics is reversibly adjustable by strain and (c) strain can modulate the value of resistivity by a factor 2.3 for SiNWs of normal I-V characteristics i.e. those without NDR. These observations are promising for applications of SiNWs in electromechanical sensors and adjustable microwave oscillators.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, 63 reference

Efficacy of micro algae and cyanobacteria as a live feed for juveniles of shrimp Penaeus monodon

Growth performance and survival of giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon fed with five different micro algal diets as a live feed, was evaluated under laboratory condition. The experimental design consisted of feeding the juvenile with micro algal diets and cyanobacterial diets at the same concentrations. Fresh biomass of Chlorella sp., Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis sp., Synechococcus sp. and Phormidium sp. were used as feed for shrimp P. monodon. Mean total length of shrimp was higher when fed with Chlorella sp. (4.8 cm) followed by Phormidium sp. (4.4 cm) and mean total weight was also higher in shrimp fed with Chlorella sp. (0.59 g) followed by Phormidium sp. (0.569 g). The survival rate of the shrimp was improved in shrimp fed Phormidium sp. (83.33%) and it was decreased in shrimp fed with Isochrysis sp. (36.67%). The shrimp that performed best had significantly more edible flesh (59.35%) (with Chlorella sp.) protein and lipid content (with Phormidium sp.) carbohydrate (with Tetraselmis sp.) Further more, water quality of the tank was better in shrimp fed with Chlorella sp. In general, the research of this study revealed that Chlorella sp. and Phormidium sp. could be used as a live feed for better growth of P. monodon.Key words: Penaeus monodon, micro algae, Synechococcus, Phormidium, Shrimp growth, Chlorella

Replication stress and chromatin context link ATM activation to a role in DNA replication

ATM-mediated signaling in response to DNA damage is a barrier to tumorigenesis. Here we asked whether replication stress could also contribute to ATM signaling. We demonstrate that, in the absence of DNA damage, ATM responds to replication stress in a hypoxia-induced heterochromatin-like context. In certain hypoxic conditions, replication stress occurs in the absence of detectable DNA damage. Hypoxia also induces H3K9me3, a histone modification associated with gene repression and heterochromatin. Hypoxia-induced replication stress together with increased H3K9me3 leads to ATM activation. Importantly, ATM prevents the accumulation of DNA damage in hypoxia. Most significantly, we describe a stress-specific role for ATM in maintaining DNA replication rates in a background of increased H3K9me3. Furthermore, the ATM-mediated response to oncogene-induced replication stress is enhanced in hypoxic conditions. Together, these data indicate that hypoxia plays a critical role in the activation of the DNA damage response, therefore contributing to this barrier to tumorigenesis

Formulation and Evaluation of Dapoxetine HCL Nanoparticle Capsules

The goal of any drug delivery system is to provide a therapeutic amount of drug to the proper site in the body and also to achieve and maintain the desired drug concentration. The λ max of Dapoxetine Hcl as found to be 292 nm in 0.01N Hydrochloric acid and 292nm in Phosphate buffer pH6.8 in 10μg/ml solution. Dapoxetine Hcl is a highly potent SSRI was used as a model drug to develop a controlled release formulation. Dapoxetine Hcl designed to prolong the release increase the drug bioavailability, diminish the side effects of irritating drugs and also reducing the frequency of administration, thereby improving the patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. The Dapoxetine Hcl obeys the Beers law within the concentration of 5 to 50 μg/ml. Dapoxetine Hcl is having low solubility and short duration elimination half life (1-1.6 hour), the drug displays extensive first pass metabolism. The purpose of this study was to prepare Dapoxetine Hcl nanoparticles for control release of Dapoxetine Hcl to improve the oral bioavailability, enhance the solubility and dissolution rate by decreasing particle size of drug. Infrared spectroscopic studies confirmed that there was no interaction between drug and polymers. The controlled release Dapoxetine Hcl nanoparticles were prepared by Solvent evaporation by using Ethyl cellulose, Chitosan & HPMC K100 M and hyper-cross linked method using Betacyclodextrin and Diphenyl carbonate polymers of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 ratios. The production yield of the formulated controlled release nanoparticles (F1 to F16) in the range of 76.11% to 83.58%. The drug content of the formulated controlled release nanoparticles (F1 to F16) in the range of 82.56 % to 98.20%. The Theoretical loading of the formulated controlled release nanoparticles (F1- F16) in the range of 24.43 % to 64.24%. The entrapment efficiency increased with increasing the concentration of polymers and the formulations containing chitosan nanoparticles F6 (1:2) showed better entrapment (90.94%) among all formulation. The solubility of selected formulation (F6) in 0.2M Phosphate buffer pH6.8 increased when compared to pure drug. Particle size distribution was determined by Malvern zeta size, the size range for produced nanoparticles in the range of 200nm to 400 nm. The polydispersity index of selected nanoparticle formulation (F6) was 0.812 which indicated a narrow range and a homogeneous size distribution of particles. Zeta potential value of Dapoxetine Hcl nanoparticles showed a positive surface charge (+38.1 mV) this is because of more anion on the surface of the particles higher the charge higher is the stability of the nanoparticle. The invitro dissolution study was carried out in 0.01N Hydrochloric acid for 2 hours and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 for 10 hours. The formulations shows controlled release of drug upto 12 hrs and all formulations showed more than 75% of drug release. The release kinetics showed that the formulations were complies with Zero order kinetics followed by diffusion controlled mechanism and Korsemeyar peppas n values were more than 0.4 indicating Nonfickian diffusion. The best formulation F6 was selected based on production yield, entrapment efficiency, solubilization efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index & zeta potential and in-vitro drug release and release kinetics. The best formulation F6 was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy, particle size, polydispersity index & zeta potential, Scanning Electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction method (X-PRD) and DSC. Best formulation of nanoparticles shown the extent of drug release was found to be F6 (96.93 %) in 12hrs. SEM studies confirmed the morphology of the nanoparticle formulation. The crystalline state of the nanoparticle formulation was not altered according to the XRPD analysis. The stability studies confirmed that the developed Dapoxetine Hcl nanoparticles are physically and chemically stable and retain their pharmaceutical properties at various temperature and humidity conditions over a period of 2 month. One formulation were selected for invivo studies on mice. The administration of Dapoxetine Hcl loaded nanoparticle significantly inhibit the serotonin reuptake in the synaptic cleft similar trend but the extent of decrease is greater compared to standard drug. The sudden decrease of blood pressure after administration of Dapoxetine Hcl (standard) was due to burst release of drug from nanoparticle which was observed during invitro drug release studies. The anti-depressive activity of Dapoxetine Hcl loaded nanoparticles is lesser than control. Hence, Chitosan NP could be able to maintain the serotonin level over the period of observation(12h). The results can be attributed to the efficacy of formulated Dapoxetine HCL nanoparticles in treating hypertension as well as its role in maintaintaing the therapeutic levels until extended period of time. The Dapoxetine Hcl nanoparticle & selected best formulation (F6) was formulated into capsules using suitable diluents (MCC) by hand filling method. The formulated capsules were analyzed for pre compression and post compression parameter drug content, invitro drug release studies. The pre compression parameters of all the formulations were within the required limit was indicated good flow property, suitable for formulation of the capsules. The post compression parameters such as general appearance, weight variation, uniformity of content and invitro studies of all formulations were within the acceptable limits. FTIR studies of selected best formulation shows that no interaction between the drug and excipients. Dapoxetine Hcl chitosan nanoparticle capsules showed increased drug release profile when compared with Dapoxetine Hcl capsules. CONCLUSION: Hence, it was concluded that nanoparticle a good approach to release the drug in a controlled manner to the targeted site and enhance the solubility and dissolution property of Dapoxetine Hcl by solvent evaporation method for the successful incorporation of Dapoxet ine Hcl with high entrapment efficiency. The solubility studies suggested that the nanoparticle formulations enhanced the bioavailability of Dapoxetine Hcl by improving its solubility and dissolution rate when compared to pure drug. Furthermore, it could be presumed that if the nanometer range of particles were obtained, the bioavailability might be increased. Thus the nanoparticles as controlled release formulations can be useful for delivery of short elimination half life, low bioavailability through orally. Thus nanoparticle drug delivery system provides site specific drug delivery and prolongs dosage interval and thus improving patient compliance. The invivo release studies results indicated the efficacy of formulated Dapoxetine Hcl nanoparticles in treating depression as well as its role in maintaining the therapeutic levels until extended period of time