Column Mode Study to Evaluate The Behavior of Metal Adsorption of Phosphoric Adsorbent Synthesized by Radiation Induced Graft Polymerization

ABSTRACT Column mode study were performed to evaluate the behavior of fibrous adsorbent having phosphoric function prepared by directly synthesis of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphoric acid onto polypropylene coated polyethylene by radiation induced graft polymerization. The parameter observed was effect of pH, adsorbent form, metal concentration, flow rate and degree of grafting. The higher degree of grafting obtained was 427% which correspond to 5.2 mmol phosphoric content. In the column mode adsorption of Pb by using column packed with phosphoric adsorbent, the optimum pH found was 6 and the breakthrough curve Na and H form of adsorbent was similar, meaning the same behavior of adsorbent kinetics. The breakthrough point and curve do not strongly depend on flow rates which indicate that the adsorbent has a high adsorption rate. The adsorbent also has good ability to adsorb Pb, Cd, Co and Zr. The highest adsorption capacity obtained was 4.2 mmol/g adsorbent for Pb and Zr.   ABSTRAK Studi mode column dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi sifat-sifat dari adsorbent serat yang memiliki gugus fungsi phosphor. Serat adsorbent disintesis langsung dengan cara polimerisasi cangkok monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrilate phosphoric acid pada serat polipropilene yang di coating poliethylene dengan menggunakan radiasi. Parameter yang diteliti adalah pengaruh dari pH, tipe adsorbent, konsentrasi logam, kecepatan alir dan persen grafting. Persen grafting tertinggi yang diperoleh adalah 427% setara kandungan phosphor sebanyak 5.2 mmol. Adsorpsi metoda column dengan menggunakan column packing yang mengandung adsorbent bergugus fungi phosphor untuk logam Pb diperoleh pH optimum adalah 6 dan breakthrough dari adsorbent tipe Na dan H adalah sama atau keduanya memiliki kesamaan kinetika penyerapan. Kurva dan titik breakthrough tidak secara kuat dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan alir, hal ini menandakan adsorbent memiliki kecepatan penyerapan yang tinggi. Adsorben memiliki kemampuan penyerapan yang baik terhadap Pb, Cd, Co dan Zr. Kapasitas penyerapan tertinggi adalah 4.2 mmol/gram penyerap untuk Pb dan Zr

Column Mode Study to Evaluate The Behavior of Metal Adsorption of Phosphoric Adsorbent Synthesized by Radiation Induced Graft Polymerization

ABSTRACT Column mode study were performed to evaluate the behavior of fibrous adsorbent having phosphoric function prepared by directly synthesis of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphoric acid onto polypropylene coated polyethylene by radiation induced graft polymerization. The parameter observed was effect of pH, adsorbent form, metal concentration, flow rate and degree of grafting. The higher degree of grafting obtained was 427% which correspond to 5.2 mmol phosphoric content. In the column mode adsorption of Pb by using column packed with phosphoric adsorbent, the optimum pH found was 6 and the breakthrough curve Na and H form of adsorbent was similar, meaning the same behavior of adsorbent kinetics. The breakthrough point and curve do not strongly depend on flow rates which indicate that the adsorbent has a high adsorption rate. The adsorbent also has good ability to adsorb Pb, Cd, Co and Zr. The highest adsorption capacity obtained was 4.2 mmol/g adsorbent for Pb and Zr.   ABSTRAK Studi mode column dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi sifat-sifat dari adsorbent serat yang memiliki gugus fungsi phosphor. Serat adsorbent disintesis langsung dengan cara polimerisasi cangkok monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrilate phosphoric acid pada serat polipropilene yang di coating poliethylene dengan menggunakan radiasi. Parameter yang diteliti adalah pengaruh dari pH, tipe adsorbent, konsentrasi logam, kecepatan alir dan persen grafting. Persen grafting tertinggi yang diperoleh adalah 427% setara kandungan phosphor sebanyak 5.2 mmol. Adsorpsi metoda column dengan menggunakan column packing yang mengandung adsorbent bergugus fungi phosphor untuk logam Pb diperoleh pH optimum adalah 6 dan breakthrough dari adsorbent tipe Na dan H adalah sama atau keduanya memiliki kesamaan kinetika penyerapan. Kurva dan titik breakthrough tidak secara kuat dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan alir, hal ini menandakan adsorbent memiliki kecepatan penyerapan yang tinggi. Adsorben memiliki kemampuan penyerapan yang baik terhadap Pb, Cd, Co dan Zr. Kapasitas penyerapan tertinggi adalah 4.2 mmol/gram penyerap untuk Pb dan Zr

Palm oil-based biodiesel synthesis by radiation-induced kenaf catalyst packed in a continuous flow system

An efficient bio-based heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production was successfully fabricated by radiation-induced graft polymerization of 4-vinylbenzylchloride (VBC) followed by quaternary amination of trimethylamine (TMA) and ion-exchange with aqueous sodium hydroxide onto kenaf bast fiber using electron beam irradiation at a dose of 150 kGy. The produced catalyst was characterized by FESEM–EDX, CHNS, ATR-FTIR, TGA and XRD analyses. In this study, the continuous catalytic transesterification of triolein/ethanol in a bench-scale packed bed reactor (PBR) was designed and tested. The reaction process was focused at room temperature, different residence times from 1 min to 4 min and a molar ratio of triolein/ethanol (1:50). Besides, study on the transesterification of palm oil with ethanol under optimized conditions for maximum conversion of triolein to ethyl oleate (residence time of 3 min, LHSV = 8 h−1, short chain 150kGy catalyst) with temperature fixed at room temperature (˜25 °C) has been carried out. The extracted ethyl oleate was analyzed by HPLC and ATR-FTIR. The results found that the continuous flow system has a great potential for producing ethyl ester to be used as biodiesel and it is possible to generate 100% biodiesel with high purity from palm oil using radiation-induced kenaf catalyst

STRAD Project for Systematic Treatments of Radioactive Liquid Wastes Generated in Nuclear Facilities

A new collaborative research project for systematic treatments of radioactive liquid wastes containing various reagents generating in nuclear facilities was started from 2018 initiated by Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The project was named as STRAD (Systematic Treatments of RAdioactive liquid wastes for Decommissioning) project. Tentative targets to be studied under the project are aqueous and organic liquid wastes which have been generated by experiments and analyses in a reprocessing experimental laboratory of JAEA. Currently fundamental studies for treatments of the liquid wastes with complicated compositions are underway. In the STRAD project, process flow for treatment of ammonium ion involved in aqueous waste was designed though the inactive experiments, and decomposition of ammonium ion using catalysis will be carried out soon. Adsorbents for recovery of U and Pu from spent solvent were also developed. Demonstration experiments on genuine spent solvent is under planning

Effects of RAFT Agent on the Chloromethylstyrene Polymerizations in a Simultaneous Radiation Grafting System

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent was added into a simultaneous radiation grafting system and its effects on graft polymerization and homopolymerization were investigated. Chloromethylstyrene (CMS) was graft polymerized onto ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) films under γ-ray sources via simultaneous irradiation. The non-grafted poly(CMS) in the grafted films were extracted by xylene at 120 °C. The poly(CMS) was characterized by NMR and GPC instruments. Addition of the RAFT agent suppressed both graft polymerization and homopolymerization. However, under a high concentration of RAFT agent, the homopolymerization in the monomer solution could occur through a typical RAFT polymerization while polymerization in the ETFE films proceeded via RAFT and conventional radical polymerization, resulting in poly(CMS) in the ETFE films with molecular weight dispersity higher than 1.0 but lower than that without RAFT agent. Furthermore, it was found that the molecular weight of the poly(CMS) in the ETFE films was several times higher than that of the poly(CMS) in the monomer solution

Cleavage of the Graft Bonds in PVDF–g–St Films by Boiling Xylene Extraction and the Determination of the Molecular Weight of the Graft Chains

To determine the molecular weight of graft chains in grafted films, the polystyrene graft chains of PVDF–g–St films synthesized by a pre-irradiation graft method are cleaved and separated by boiling xylene extraction. The analysis of the extracted material and the residual films by FTIR, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses indicates that most graft chains are removed from the PVDF–g–St films within 72 h of extraction time. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the residual films decreases quickly within 8 h of extraction and then remains virtually unchanged up to 72 h after extraction time. The degradation is due to the cleavage of graft bonds, which is mainly driven by the thermal degradation and the swelling of graft chains in solution. This allows determination of the molecular weight of graft chains by GPC analysis of the extracted material. The results indicate that the PVDF–g–St prepared in this study has the structure where one or two graft chains hang from each PVDF backbone

Synergizing radiation-induced emulsion graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate on polyethylene-coated polypropylene nonwoven fabric by addition of hydrophobic alcohols

The radiation-induced emulsion graft polymerization method is limited for applying concentrations higher than the monomer concentration that enables stable formation of monomer micelles. Furthermore, foaming may occur because of the presence of the surfactant, which is essential for the formation of micelles, resulting in likely splashing around a highly flammable monomer emulsion. In the present study, to overcome these issues, we investigate the effect of added alcohols on the grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in emulsion graft polymerization. By adding hydrophobic alcohols to the GMA monomer emulsion of the given system, we succeeded in increasing polymerization rate at low monomer concentrations and developing a highly safe method of emulsion graft polymerization. By adding 0.5 wt% of hydrophobic alcohol such as 1-octanol to the GMA monomer emulsion, the degree of grafting was 4 times higher than in the case without addition. In addition, we successfully reduced the foamability of the GMA monomer emulsion deriving from the surfactant. This is a novel graft polymerization method with promising wide industrial application, as it brings improvements for the existing issues of the conventional emulsion graft polymerization method — (1) emulsion stability under low concentration monomer and (2) process stability due to foaming of the monomer emulsion during polymerization

Machine Learning Approach for Prediction of the Grafting Yield in Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization

Grafting yields for the radiation-induced graft polymerization of a methacrylate ester monomer to give a polyethylene-coated polypropylene nonwoven fabric were predicted as an objective variable by a machine learning approach. The degrees of grafting were obtained from actual experiments. Monomer structure information, atomic charge information, atomic NMR shift information, and infrared absorption wavenumber information, derived from density functional theory calculations, were adopted as explanatory variables of a grafting yield prediction model. Among machine learning algorithms as a prediction model on the grafting yield, XGBoost and random forest models showed higher prediction accuracy, compared to a multiple linear regression model. The prediction accuracies of the various algorithm decreased in the order: XGBoost > random forest > multiple linear regression/LASSO > decision tree > multiple linear regression. The monomer polarizability and the O2 NMR shift were found to be important explanatory variables for predicting the grafting yield in the XGBoost model. This is probably because the polarizability, which represents a miscibility indicator of the monomer to the trunk polymer, and the O2 NMR shift, which represents a diffusivity indicator of the monomer into the trunk polymer, remarkably reflect the difference in the substituent structure of the methacrylate ester monomers