Shock effects experiments on serpentine and thermal metamorphic conditions in Antarctic carbonaceous chondrite

The unique Antarctic carbonaceous chondrites, Belgica (B)-7904,Yamato (Y)-86720,Y-82162,Y-793321 are thermally metamorphosed. However, the heat source of the thermal metamorphism is not known. Two strong possibilities are shock-induced heating and heating on the parent body. The explosive impact method was used to check the possibility of heating of phyllosilicates by shock compression. Examining the shocked specimens from the Murchison meteorite and terrestrial lizardite, the following were found : (1) Phyllosilicates in the shocked (>32.1GPa) specimens changed to nearly amorphous substances; (2) the phyllosilicates in specimens shocked at lower pressures were still crystalline and undamaged; (3) some void-like (bubble) textures were widely observed in the amorphous substances; (4) the other minerals such as pyroxenes and olivines which did not change to glass phases seem to be little affected by shock. These facts do not suggest that the unique Antarctic chondrites experienced significant shock

High Pressure Phases found in Yamato 790729.

第2回極域科学シンポジウム/第34回南極隕石シンポジウム 11月17日（木） 国立国語研究所 2階講

Shock wave equation of state of muscovite

Shock wave data to provide an equation of state of muscovite (initial density: 2.835 g/cm^3) were determined up to a pressure of 141 GPa. The shock velocity (Us) versus particle velocity (Up) data are fit with a single linear relationship: U_s=4.62(±0.12) +1.27(±0.04)U_p (km/s). Third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state parameters (isentropic bulk modulus and isentropic pressure derivative of bulk modulus) are K_(os)=52±4GPa and K'_(os)=3.2±0.3. The pressure-temperature relation along the Hugoniot suggests that muscovite may dehydrate to KAlSi_3O_8 (hollandite), corundum, and water, with a small volume change, above 80 GPa. Thermodynamic calculations of the equilibrium pressure for the dehydration yields a significantly lower value. Observed unloading paths from shock pressures up to about 80 GPa are steeper in a density-pressure plane than the Hugoniot and become shallower with increasing shock pressure above that pressure. The changing slope may indicate that devolatilization occurs during unloading above 80 GPa. The present equation of state data for muscovite are compared with results of previously reported recovery experiments

Impact-induced phyllosilicate formation from olivine and water

Shock-recovery experiments on mixtures of olivine and water with gas (air) were performed in a previous study to demonstrate water-mineral interactions during impact events (Furukawa et al., 2007). The products of these former experiments were investigated in the present study using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction with the aim of finding evidence of aqueous alteration. Serpentine formed on the surface of shocked olivine with well-developed mosaicism. The yield of serpentine depended on the water/olivine ratio in the starting material, indicating progressive serpentinization under water-rich conditions. Comminution and mosaicism were developed in shocked olivine grains. The temperature and pressure changes of the samples during the experiments were estimated by constructing Hugoniots for mixtures of olivine and water, combined with the results of an additional fracturing experiment on a shocked container. Pressures and temperatures reached 4.6-7.2 GPa and at least 230-390 degrees C, respectively, for 0.7 mu s during in-shock compression. Post-shock temperatures reached a maximum of similar to 1300 degrees C, when the shock wave reached the gas in the sample cavity. The serpentine formed after the post-shock temperature maximum, most likely when temperatures dropped to between 200 and 400 degrees C. This is the first experiment to demonstrate the formation of phyllosilicates using heat supplied by an impact. The present results and estimations suggest that phyllosilicates could form as a result of impacts into oceans as well as by impacts on terrestrial and Martian crustal rocks, and on some asteroidal surfaces, where liquid or solid H(2)O is available. A significant amount of phyllosilicates would have formed during the late heavy bombardment of meteorites on the Hadean Earth, and such phyllosilicates might have affected the prebiotic carbon cycle. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Direct evidence for decomposition of antigorite under shock loading

Detailed wave profiles of antigorite (a serpentine mineral) under plate-impact shock loading have been measured to a pressure of 131 GPa in order to understand its dynamic behavior because serpentine is present in pristine meteorites as well as in the Earth mantle. All the profiles indicate single wave structures, and a sudden decrease in density was detected at similar to 60 GPa with increasing pressure when shock-loaded for a long duration (similar to 0.6 mu s) using a thick flyer. Such a drop in density also was observed during recompression by a high-impedance window material (LiF). Although exothermic decomposition is generally considered to be fast, the decomposition of antigorite under shock loading requires a reaction time so that the Hugoniot may represent a metastable state at which stable phase cannot appear in a timely way. Based on these observations, antigorite decomposes exothermically into an assemblage of either brucite + stishovite + periclase or brucite + perovskite above a shock pressure of 60 GPa, but does not dehydrate endothermically into assemblages with water fluid. The observed dynamic behavior of serpentine, coupled with the previous results of the shock-recovered serpentines, reinforces that serpentine plays a key role to carry water within the snowline of the solar system

Shock compression and isentropic release of granite

New equation of state data for a weathered granite shocked to about 125 GPa are reported and combined with the Westerly granite data of McQueen, Marsh & Fritz (1967). The shock velocity (U_s)-particle velocity (U_p) relations can be fitted with two linear regressions: U_s= 4.40 + 0.6U_p for a range of U_p up to about 2 km s^(-1) and U_s= 2.66 + 1.49U_p for a range of about 2 to 5 km s^(-1). The third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state parameters are K_(os) = 51-57 GPa and K'_(os) = 1.4-1.8 for the low-pressure regime and K_(os) = 251 ± 30 GPa and an assumed K'_(os) = 4 for the high-pressure regime. Compressive waveforms in dry and water-saturated granite were measured at 10-15 GPa using the VISAR technique. The measured wave profiles were successfully modelled using a Maxwellian stress-relaxation material model. Water-saturated granite is characterized by a ~25 per cent lower yield strength and a ~75 per cent longer material relaxation time than dry granite

Monivammapotilaan kivunhoito

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa monivammapotilaan kivunhoitoa ennen sairaalaan tuloa, sairaalassa ja kotona systemaattista kirjallisuuskatsausta soveltaen. Tavoitteena on edistää monivammapotilaan kivunhoitoa. Opinnäytetyöhön valikoitui analysoitavaksi 38 (=n) julkaisua. Monivammapotilaan kivunhoito vaatii moniammatillista osaamista ja yhteistyötä. Kivunhoidon oleellisena osana on kivun arviointi. Kipua voidaan arvioida erilaisin mittarein, kuten sanallinen asteikko (VRS), numeroasteikko (NRS) ja visuaalianalogiasteikko (VAS). Potilaan ollessa tajuton, kivunarviointi muuttuu haasteellisemmaksi, sillä silloin mittareita ei voida käyttää. Monivammapotilaan kipua hoidetaan pääsääntöisesti lääkkeillä. Keskeisimpiä lääkkeitä ovat tulehduskipulääkkeet, parasetamoli ja opioidit. Lääkkeettömiä kivunhoitomuotoja kuten asentohoito, fysikaaliset hoitomuodot, hengitysharjoitukset, musiikin kuuntelu, rentoutumis- ja mielikuvaharjoitukset, käytetään myös, mutta ne ovat tehokkaampia yhdistettynä lääkkeelliseen kivunhoitoon. Lääkehoito koostuu monen lääkeryhmän yhdistelmistä eli multimodaalisesta kivunhoidosta. Puudutteet ovat keskeinen osa monivammapotilaan kivunhoitoa, sillä ne vähentävät huomattavasti opioidien käyttöä. Kivunhoito on tasapainoilua potilaan kivuttomuuden ja kivunhoidon haittavaikutuksien välillä. Potilaan kivunhoito jatkuu koko hoidon ajan, myös kotiutumisen jälkeen. Kivunhoito on potilaan oikeus eikä ole olemassa mitään pätevää syytä jättää kipua hoitamatta. Monivammapotilaat ovat todella kivuliaita, joten kivun hoidon tutkiminen ja kehittäminen on tärkeää. Tehokkaalla kivunhoidolla voidaan ehkäistä kivun kroonistumista.The purpose of this thesis is to improve multi-trauma patients pain management before coming to a hospital, in hospital and at home by using a systematic literature review. The aim is to improve multi-trauma patient’s pain management. There was 38(=n) publications chosen for this thesis. The pain management of a multi-trauma patient requires multi-professional expertise and cooperation. An essential part of pain management is assessment of pain. The pain can be assessed with different kind of rating scales for example verbal rating scale (VRS), numeric rating scale (NRS) and visual analog scale (VAS). When patient is being unconscious assessment of pain becomes challenging so the rating scales cannot be used. The pain of a multi-trauma patient is mainly managed with medicine. The most common medicines are inflammatory drugs, paracetamol and opioids. Drug-free pain management formats such as position management, physical therapies, breathing exercises, listening to music, relaxing and imagination exercises are used but they are more effective combined with medicinal pain management. Medication consist of the combination of different drug groups called multimodal pain management. Regional anesthetics are a key part of the pain management of a multi-trauma patient because regional anesthetics reduce remarkably the use of opioids. Pain management is balancing between painless and side effects pain management. The pain management of the patient goes through the whole care also after discharging from hospital. Pain management is the patients right and there is no competent reason to not treat the pain. Multi-trauma patients are in a high amount of pain so the study and development of pain management is really important. With efficient pain management you can anticipate chronical pain

How the toughest inorganic fullerene cages absorb shockwave pressures in a protective nanocomposite: experimental evidence from two in situ investigations

Nanocomposites fabricated using the toughest caged inorganic fullerene WS2 (IF-WS2) nanoparticles could offer ultimate protection via absorbing shockwaves; however, if the IF-WS2 nanomaterials really work, how they behave and what they experience within the nanocomposites at the right moment of impact have never been investigated effectively, due to the limitations of existing investigation techniques that are unable to elucidate the true characteristics of high-speed impacts in composites. We first fabricated Al matrix model nanocomposites and then unlocked the exact roles of IF-WS2 in it at the exact moment of impact, at a time resolution that has never been attempted before, using two in situ techniques. We find that the presence of IF-WS2 reduced the impact velocity by over 100 m/s and in pressure by at least 2 GPa against those Al and hexagonal WS2 platelet composites at an impact speed of 1000 m/s. The IF-WS2 composites achieved an intriguing inelastic impact and outperformed other reference composites, all originating from the “balloon effect” by absorbing the shockwave pressures. This study not only provides fundamental understanding for the dynamic performance of composites but also benefits the development of protective nanocomposite engineering