Altered Function of the DnaJ Family Cochaperone DNJ-17 Modulates Locomotor Circuit Activity in a Caenorhabditis elegans Seizure Model.

The highly conserved cochaperone DnaJ/Hsp40 family proteins are known to interact with molecular chaperone Hsp70, and can regulate many cellular processes including protein folding, translocation, and degradation. In studies of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion mutants, we identified a gain-of-function (gf) mutation in dnj-17 closely linked to the widely used e156 null allele of C. elegans GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) unc-25 dnj-17 encodes a DnaJ protein orthologous to human DNAJA5. In C. elegans DNJ-17 is a cytosolic protein and is broadly expressed in many tissues. dnj-17(gf) causes a single amino acid substitution in a conserved domain, and behaves as a hypermorphic mutation. The effect of this dnj-17(gf) is most prominent in mutants lacking GABA synaptic transmission. In a seizure model caused by a mutation in the ionotropic acetylcholine receptor acr-2(gf), dnj-17(gf) exacerbates the convulsion phenotype in conjunction with absence of GABA. Null mutants of dnj-17 show mild resistance to aldicarb, while dnj-17(gf) is hypersensitive. These results highlight the importance of DnaJ proteins in regulation of C. elegans locomotor circuit, and provide insights into the in vivo roles of DnaJ proteins in humans

Walking just after a meal seems to be more effective for weight loss than waiting for one hour to walk after a meal

There is a belief that walking just after a meal causes fatigue, stomach ache, and other types of discomfort. However, the author and one volunteer participant had no such negative reactions, and found that walking just after a meal was more effective for weight loss than waiting one hour after eating before walking. For people who do not experience abdominal pain, fatigue, or other discomfort when walking just after a meal, walking at a brisk speed for 30 minutes as soon as possible just after lunch and dinner leads to more weight loss than does walking for 30 minutes beginning one hour after a meal has been consumed. The author lost nearly 3 kg and a volunteer participant lost nearly 1.5 kg during one month of walking just after lunch and dinner. The author walked at a brisk pace, while the volunteer walked at a stroll. We repeated the preliminary experiment twice, between April and early May 2002, and once between August and September 2006, and obtained the same results

Synthetic Lethality of the lytE cwlO Genotype in Bacillus subtilis Is Caused by Lack of D,L-Endopeptidase Activity at the Lateral Cell Wall

Bacterial peptidoglycan acts as an exoskeleton to protect the bacterial cell. Although peptidoglycan biosynthesis by penicillin-binding proteins is well studied, few studies have described peptidoglycan disassembly, which is necessary for a dynamic structure that allows cell growth. In Bacillus subtilis, more than 35 genes encoding cell wall lytic enzymes have been identified; however, only two D,L-endopeptidases (lytE and cwlO) are involved in cell proliferation. In this study, we demonstrated that the D,L-endopeptidase activity at the lateral cell wall is essential for cell proliferation. Inactivation of LytE and CwlO by point mutation of the catalytic residues caused cell growth defects. However, the forced expression of LytF or CwlS, which are paralogs of LytE, did not suppress lytE cwlO synthetic lethality. Subcellular localization studies of these D,L-endopeptidases showed LytE and CwlS at the septa and poles, CwlO at the cylindrical part of the cell, and LytE at the septa and poles as well as the cylindrical part. Furthermore, construction of N-terminal and C-terminal domain-swapped enzymes of LytE, LytF, CwlS, and CwlO revealed that localization was dependent on the N-terminal domains. Only the chimeric proteins that were enzymatically active and localized to the sidewall were able to suppress the synthetic lethality, suggesting that the lack of D,L-endopeptidase activity at the cylindrical part of the cell leads to a growth defect. The functions of LytE and CwlO in cell morphogenesis were discussed.ArticleJOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY. 194(4):796-803 (2012)journal articl

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBANTUAN APLIKASI PREZI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN LITERASI MATEMATIS SISWA KELAS XI SMA SWASTA TELADAN MEDAN

This study aims to produce learning media assisted by the Prezi application on arithmetic sequences and series at SMA Swasta Teladan Medan based on valid, practical and effective criteria and can see the increase in students' mathematical literacy skills after using the developed learning media. The learning device development model used is by referring to the Thiagarajan model which consists of four stages, namely: 1) Define stage, 2) Design / design stage, 3) Development / development stage and, (4) Disseminate / Deployment. The results of the research on the development of learning media assisted by the Prezi application on arithmetic sequences and series at the Medan Teladan Private High School meet the valid criteria in the media, material and language aspects, an average score of 3.93 and is in the good category, practical in terms of convenience, attractiveness, helpfulness and problem solving with an average score of 90.33% is in the Very Practical category, and is effectively obtained through student learning outcomes tests with an average score of 85% and in the good category.Keywords: Prezi, mathematical literacy, 3-

목적과 결과를 중심으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(한국학전공), 2021. 2. 박태균.On April 22nd, 1981, the South Korean government first asked Japan to support 10 billion dollars for five years as Security-Economic Cooperation for security reasons to respond to the threat from North Korea. Several months later, South Korea officially requested 6 billion dollars from Japan for public aid as the 5th Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan with having the ostensible reason, "security". Though the request by the South Korean government first focused on "security," it was finalized for an "economic support" purpose. The suspicion was raised from the following two aspects: the request primarily focused on the military purpose, and with the relationship between South Korea and Japan back in the 1980s, an astronomical amount of loan was requested. According to this background, this research attempted to analyze the strategic implications of the South Korean government over the Security-Economic Cooperation between South Korea and Japan in the 1980s with a broad perspective including economic aspects by studying empirical data, such as memoirs of key figures, primary data on economic policy, and newspaper articles. First, the research suggested that South Korea's request for 10 billion dollars mainly focused on its security goals. President Chun Doo-Hwan, the initiative of a 10 billion dollar request, intended South Korea to improve its defense capacity in response to North Korea's military strength enhancement. In addition, Chun's 10 billion dollar Security-economic Cooperation initiative included psychological variables from Japan's economic gain from the special demand caused by the Korean War. Because of the authoritarianism from military-born government officials and the consent from the US to support on Japan-Korea Security-Economic Cooperation, it was possible for Chun to ask for a large amount of aid for security reasons at the time. Second, although the negotiation between the two countries had been focused on using the fund from Japan entirely for social development as part of the Five-Year Plan, South Korea was persistent with their initial purpose to apply the fund for its security project until the settlement had been made. Despite the original demand for the funds had denied and the negotiation only focused on social development, the South Korean government did not give up and emphasized the flexibility they should have in the use of funds endlessly to introduce funds for the security plan. As some argue, having the ostensible reason, "security", in the beginning, made it possible to achieve a large amount of loan. In addition, it could be argued that proposing the Five-Year Plan also played a role in obtaining security funds after all. Third, the study showed that the funds resulted in refusing the plan of the Chun Doo-Hwan regime. The funds were proposed for achieving social development, not for security or economic achievement. The principles of the 4 billion dollar fund introduction were agreed between the two countries to regulate towards the Five-Year Plan or purchase of equipment from Japan. This shows the fund was introduced for economic and social development projects. Fourth, the study concluded that the South Korean government achieved positive economic results through economic cooperation with Japan in spite of the settlement with Japan. The study argues that the large loan from Japan with an average interest rate of 6% was a great achievement because experiencing the phenomenon of high international interest rates and significant creditability loss from other countries, South Korea's economic plan to gain large and quality loans was threatened at the time. In other words, having the ostensible reason, "security" played a big role for South Korea to overcome the difficulties in negotiating with foreign countries with the international economic environment that South Korea was facing at the time and achieved to obtain a large amount of public loan needed for its economic plan. To evaluate South Korea's strategic implications, it is significantly important to discuss South Korea's strategy of having the ostensible reason, "security".1981년 4월 22일 한국정부는 북한위협에 대응하기 위한 안보상의 이유로 일본에게 100억 달러의 안보경협을 5년간 지원해줄 것을 요청했다. 추후 한국은 안보명목을 근거로 제5차 경제사회발전 5개년계획에 대한 공적원조를 공식요청했으며, 이렇게 시작된 한국의 대일경협 요청은 결국 안보 명목이 상실되고 5개년계획에 대한 경제적 지원형태로 체결되었다. 한국이 제시한 안보 명목의 거액차관 요청은 안보상의 이유라는 군사적 목적의 색채와 천문학적인 금액 요청이었다는 부분에서 당시 한일관계에 있어 의구심이 제기되는 요청이었으며, 이러한 배경에서 본고는 주요인물들의 회고록 및 경제정책의 1차자료, 신문기사 등의 실증적 자료를 중심으로 80년대 한일 간 안보경협을 둘러싼 한국정부의 전략적 의미에 대해 경제 측면을 포함한 보다 거시적 시각으로 분석을 시도했다. 특히 본고는 전두환 정권이 100억 달러의 안보경협을 왜 구상하였고, 그러한 경협자금을 어디에 도입하고자 하였는지, 또한 결과적으로 한국정부는 안보경협을 통해 무엇을 달성하였으며, 그것에는 어떠한 의의가 있었는지라는 초점으로 연구질문을 제기하게 되었다. 연구결과는 첫째, 한국의 100억 달러 대일경협의 구상은 안보적 목적이 중심이 되었음을 시사할 수 있었다. 100억 달러의 구상자인 전두환 대통령의 근본적인 구상요인은 북한의 군력증강에 대응하기 위한 한국의 국방력 강화라는 순수한 안보적 목적이었다. 그리고 이러한 전 대통령의 100억 달러 안보경협 구상은 과거 한국전쟁에서 일본이 경제적 이익을 얻어낸 전쟁특수에 대한 심리적 변수가 작용한 것이며, 동시에 관료나 외교관 출신이 아닌 군출신의 권위주의 정권의 일 처리 방식과, 미국의 대일 안보경협요청에 대한 협조의지에 따라 가능했다. 둘째, 한국은 양국의 교섭과정을 통해 대일차관을 안보적 사업에 대한 사용이 아닌 5개년계획에 대한 순수히 사회발전 자금으로 사용할 것이라는 표면적 의사와는 달리, 타결 마지막 시기에 이르기까지 안보적 사업에 대해 사용할 것을 의도했다. 교섭과정에서 안보명목이 상실되었음에도 불구하고, 자금 사용에 대한 유연성을 강조하면서 그러한 자금을 안보적으로 사용할 것을 끝가지 포기하지 않았다. 따라서 안보명목이 거액차관을 확보하는 수단이 되었다고 할 수 있는 반면, 5개년계획이라는 명목 또한 안보비용을 확보하기 위한 역할을 하고 있었다. 셋째, 실제 자금도입 결과는 전두환 정권의 계획을 거부하는 것이었으며, 결과적으로 안보적 달성도 경제적 달성도 아닌 사회발전적 달성의 의미가 강했다. 양국 간에 합의된 40억 달러의 사용원칙은 5개년계획에 대한 자금이거나 일본으로부터의 기자재구입을 규정하여 결과적으로 도입된 내용은 모두 경제사회발전 프로젝트에 관한 것이었다. 넷째, 그럼에도 불구하고 한국은 대일경협을 통해 경제적 성과를 얻었다. 당시 한국이 경제정책으로 내세운 양질의 거액차관 소요외자 계획은 국제고금리 현상 및 대외신인도 하락에 따라 위협받았으며, 한국에게 있어 평균금리 6%의 거액 대일차관은 한국 경제정책을 실현하는데 큰 성과였다고 할 수 있다. 즉 안보 명목의 의미는 당시 국제경제 환경 속에서의 대외거래적 어려움을 극복하고 한국정부의 경제정책에서 중요했던 거액 공공차관 확보를 달성할 수 있는 수단적 역할이 되었다는 점에서 안보 명목은 한국의 전략적 의미를 평가할 수 있는 중요한 쟁점이 된다.제 1 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구배경 및 목적 1 제 2 절 선행연구 검토 6 1. 80년대 한일 안보경협의 기원과 목적을 다룬 연구 7 2. 80년대 한일 안보경협이 갖는 의미를 다룬 연구 9 제 3 절 연구방법 및 논문의 구성 13 제 2 장 100억 달러 안보경협 요청에 대한 검토 15 제 1 절 100억 달러 안보경협 요청의 모순성 16 1. 평화헌법에 기반한 일본과의 안보협력의 비현실성 16 2. 일본의 대북정책 속의 한일 안보협력의 실현 불가능성 20 3. 경제적 형태로서의 안보경협 문제 21 제 2 절 80년대 초 한국의 경제정책 22 1. 70년대 고도성장의 잔재와 경제위기 22 2. 제5차 경제사회발전 5개년계획 28 제 3 장 1980년대 한일 안보경협의 전개와 성사 31 제 1 절 안보경협 논의의 시작과 전두환의 100억 달러 상정배경 31 1. 전두환-레이건 정상회담 32 2. 이토외상 방한 36 3. 전두환의 100억 달러 상정요인 39 제 2 절 81년 스즈키 내각 협상 시기 46 1. 노신영- 스노베 100억달러 비공식 요청 47 2. 한일 외상회담과 60억 달러 공식요청 49 3. 제11차 한일 정기각료회담 56 제 3 절 82년 스즈키 내각 협상 시기 경협방식 교섭과정 65 1. 제1차 한일 실무자협의 66 2. 제2차 한일 실무자협의 69 3. 최동진-무라오까 면담과 일본의 경협방식 제안 70 4. 경협규모를 둘러싼 양국 갈등 72 제 4 절 제5차 경제사회발전 5개년계획 연계경로와 안보경협의 경제적 목적에 대한 논의 80 1. 제5차 경제사회발전 5개년계획 외자소요의 의미 80 2. 양질 차관의 중요성과 80년대 초 한국의 외자도입 상황 89 3. 안보경협의 경제적 목적 96 제 5 절 나카소네 내각 협상 시기와 대일경협의 실제목적 101 1. 세지마-권익현 비공식 루트 102 2. 세지마-전두환 비공식 루트 108 3. 나카소네 총리 방한과 40억 달러 타결 110 4. 대일경협의 실제 목적 113 제 4 장 경협자금의 도입실적과 그 의의 116 제 1 절 경협자금의 사용원칙과 연차별 도입실적 116 1. 경협자금의 사용원칙 116 2. 경협자금의 연차별 도입실적 119 제 2 절 한국의 대일경협 목적과 결과에 대한 고찰 128 제 5 장 결론 132 제 1 절 결론 및 논문의 의의 132 참고문헌 147 Abstract 158Maste

ANALISIS DISKRIMINAN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN TERHADAP KINERJA PERUSAHAAN DAERAH AIR MINUM DI KOTA SURAKARTA

Pembangunan Nasional yang dilaksanakan oleh bangsa Indonesia merupakan suatu rangkaian panjang perjalanan dalam rangka mewujudkan cita- cita menuju masyarakat yang adil dan makmur. Pada hakekatnya pembangunan harus mencakup semua aspek yang menyangkut kehidupan masyarakat. Pembangunan harus dapat diartikan sebagai proses yang berdimensi banyak terutama menyangkut penataan kembali organisasi dan orientasi dari seluruh sistem dan tatanan kehidupan masyarakat. Pembangunan yang dilaksanakan merupakan pembangunan yang merata untuk seluruh masyarakat dan benar-benar dirasakan oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat sebagai perbaikan taraf hidup yang berkeadilan sosial. Pembangunan tidak hanya berorientasi pada kemajuan lahiriah semata seperti tercukupinya sandang, papan, perumahan, kesehatan dan sebagainya, melainkan melibatkan kepuasan batiniah seperti pendidikan, rasa aman, bebas berpendapat yang bertanggung jawab, rasa keadilan dan sebagainya. Untuk dapat mencapai taraf kemakmuran yang diinginkan, seseorang harus dapat berusaha secara individu atau bersama-sama dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya. Kemudian untuk memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhannya, manusia memerlukan alat pemuas kebutuhan yaitu barang dan jasa. Barang adalah segala sesuatu yang secara langsung atau tidak langsung digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan. Sedangkan jasa adalah segala sesuatu yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dan merupakan benda yang tidak berwujud. Demi menunjang Program Pembangunan Nasional tersebut lembaga pemerintah dapat mewujudkanya melalui pelayanan publik. Pelayanan kepada masyarakat atau sering disebut pelayanan publik merupakan segala bentuk jasa pelayanan, baik berupa barang publik maupun jasa publik yang pada prinsipnya menjadi tanggung jawab dan dilaksanakan oleh instansi Pemerintah di Pusat, di Daerah, dan di lingkungan Badan Usaha Milik Negara atau Badan Usaha Milik Daerah, dalam rangka upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakat maupun dalam rangka pelaksanaan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. (Ratminto & Atik Septi Winarsih, 2007 : 6) Ukuran kinerja instansi pemerintah dapat dilihat dari kinerjanya dalam menyelenggarakan pelayanan publik. Sehingga dalam memberikan pelayanan publik (public service) dan mewujudkan tujuan organisasi maka performance atau kinerja dari organisasi itu sendiri memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar. Kinerja organisasi yang baik akan memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencapaian tujuan organisasi maupun pelayanan publik yang diberikan. Penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik yang dilaksanakan oleh aparatur pemerintah dalam berbagai sektor pelayanan, terutama sektor publik yang menyangkut pemenuhan hak-hak sipil dan kebutuhan dasar masyarakat, kinerjanya masih belum seperti yang diharapkan. Masih adanya tuntutan terhadap pelayanan publik yang memuaskan menyebabkan kinerja organisasi publik mendapat sorotan dari masyarakat baik melalui media massa maupun lembaga............